统计降尺度方法研究进展综述

统计降尺度方法是将大气环流模式GCMs输出的低分辨率的气象资料转换为流域尺度的主要方法之一,现已发展成为气候学中较为完善的领域。简要介绍了统计降尺度方法的基本原理,包括基本假设条件及主要步骤和关键点;重点介绍统计降尺度方法,大致分为转换函数法、天气分析技术和天气发生器这三类,并对几种方法的国内外应用进展做了阐述;对统计降尺度方法的不确定性研究做了简要介绍。指出未来研究应重点研究统计降尺度模型的适用条件及范围、提高降水模拟的精度;统计降尺度与动力降尺度两种降尺度结合的方法将是降尺度主要发展方向之一。     

PSO-BP神经网络在MBR工艺中的膜污染预测

针对MBR膜污染因子较为复杂且各因子之间相互交叉,提出基于PSO-BP神经网络的膜污染预测方法.首先用主成分分析法实现输入变量的去维和去相关,简化网络的输入,然后应用粒子群算法优化神经网络的权值和阈值.网络训练时使用的数据是在不同操作条件下,采用孔径为0.038μm的聚醚砜超滤膜处理印染废水溶液时得到的膜通量实验数据,最后用训练好的PSO-BP神经网络对膜通量进行预测.结果表明,与传统BP算法相比,PSO-BP神经网络算法能更快实现收敛,提高运算速度以及膜通量预测的准确度.     

负热膨胀固溶体ZrW_(1.8)V_(0.2)O_(7.9)有序度参数影响因素研究

用酸蒸汽水热-相转变法合成了异价取代W位置的立方ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9固溶体.测定了立方ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9和ZrW2O8在不同温度的晶胞参数和有序度,讨论了ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9和ZrW2O8有序度与保温时间和外界压力之间的关系.结果表明,立方ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9表现出负热膨胀的性质.ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9和ZrW2O8的有序度随保温时间的增长而逐渐变大,真空条件下的有序度高于常压下的有序度.     

基于图像处理的作物病害自动识别系统的研究

为了实现对作物病害检测与防治的自动化,构建了一个基于叶片病斑图像处理的计算机诊断系统,以实现作物叶部病害的自动识别。该系统依据作物病叶颜色差异,用EM算法和偏微分方程水平集模型等图像分割算法,从图像中获取完整准确的病斑;然后提取病斑的颜色、形状和纹理特征,运用主成分分析方法对数据进行降维处理;最后采用神经网络和支持向量机方法对这些特征进行学习与分类,以及病害识别。系统已试用于黄瓜、番茄等园艺作物叶部病害的自动诊断与识别,其优点是自动化程度高,识别准确率在一定条件下较好。     

一种基于最少出现文档频的文本特征提取方法

传统特征提取改进方法在特征分布信息的量化方面存在不足,很大程度上影响了其分类效能。针对这一问题,提出一种基于最少出现文档频的特征提取改进方法,即TF-LDF算法。该算法用最少出现文档频来量化特征类间集中度与类内离散度,能够更加准确地反映特征分布情况。通过实验结果比较,可以证明TF-LDF算法分类效果更佳。     

DDoS攻击防御技术研究

目前,网络攻击事件越来越多,网络攻击的主要目的是为了经济利益,DDoS攻击则是常见的网络攻击手段。文章分析了常见的DDoS攻击行为及技术原理,并对这种攻击行为进行了分类。提出了多种有效治理DDoS攻击的防范技术,并分析了其技术原理,从而为用户及时防范潜在的黑客攻击和降低损失提供了对策。     

Multidecadal Trends in Large-Scale Annual Mean SATa Based on CMIP5 Historical Simulations and Future Projections

Based on observations and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) results, multidecadal variations and trends in annual mean surface air temperature anomalies (SATa) at global, hemispheric, and hemispheric land and ocean scales in the past and under the future scenarios of two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are analyzed. Fifteen models are selected based on their performances in capturing the temporal variability, long-term trend, multidecadal variations, and trends in global annual mean SATa. Observational data analysis shows that the multidecadal variations in annual mean SATa of the land and ocean in the northern hemisphere (NH) and of the ocean in the southern hemisphere (SH) are similar to those of the global mean, showing an increase during the 1900–1944 and 1971–2000 periods, and flattening or even cooling during the 1945–1970 and 2001–2013 periods. These observed characteristics are basically reproduced by the models. However, SATa over SH land show an increase during the 1945–1970 period, which differs from the other hemispheric scales, and this feature is not captured well by the models. For the recent hiatus period (2001–2013), the projected trends of BCC-CSM1-1-m, CMCC-CM, GFDL-ESM2M, and NorESM1-ME at the global and hemispheric scales are closest to the observations based on RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, suggesting that these four models have better projection capability in SATa. Because these four models are better at simulating and projecting the multidecadal trends of SATa, they are selected to analyze future SATa variations at the global and hemispheric scales during the 2006–2099 period. The selected multi-model ensemble (MME) projected trends in annual mean SATa for the globe, NH, and SH under RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) are 0.17 (0.29) °C, 0.22 (0.36) °C, and 0.11 (0.23) °C·decade⁻¹ in the 21st century, respectively. These values are significantly lower than the projections of CMIP5 MME without model selection.     

汉语介词短语自动识别研究综述

作为一种重要的短语类型,介词短语在汉语中分布广泛,正确识别汉语介词短语对自然语言处理领域的很多任务和应用都有重要的作用和意义。该文对近些年与识别汉语介词短语有关的研究做了梳理,从研究对象、实验评价标准和具体研究方法等几个方面比较详细地介绍了相关工作,最后归纳了汉语介词短语识别研究中表现出来的一些特点,并对未来研究的发展提出了几点建议。     

基于句本位图解树库的汉语句式实例获取

为了将中文树库更好地服务于国际汉语教学,考虑到语法教学中句式框架的整体性,该文引入基于句式结构的句本位图解树库,深入分析其结构特征,并基于句式结构的分层抽取思路,提取了蕴含在每个标注句中的句式实例,构建了汉语句式实例库,具体分为基础句式实例库和复杂句式实例库两部分。该项工作使得小规模标注树库可以获取较大规模的句式实例库,为句本位图解树库在国际汉语教学中的应用提供了一种有效的数据解决方案。     

Object-oriented Detection of Landslides based on the Spectral，Spatial and Morphometric Properties of Landslides

Earthquakes in mountain area often induce hundreds of thousands of landslides resulting in destructive casualties and economic damage.It is urgent needed to rapidly detect the extent areas of the landslides.With the advent of very high resolution satellite remote sensing,the application of the object\|oriented classification method in this area have significant advantage comparing to those of visual interpretation and pixel\|based methods.However,the study of object\|oriented landslide detection is relatively few,and the study usually has a small study area.The method of object\|oriented rapid identification of landslides based on the spectral,spatial and morphometric properties of landslides and a 2.5m SPOT5 multi\|spectral image is proposed in this paper and is applied in a relatively large study area.The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) threshold was set to remove vegetation objects and obtain landslide candidates.Then,the spectral characteristics,texture,terrain features and context of the image were used to build indicators to gradually separate the landslide from false positives.The small scale chessboard segmentation was conducted to further eliminate vegetation objects and get the landslide objects.The object\|oriented detection results show that the adopted method can recognize about 95% of the landslides in the study area.When considering the landslide excessive detection and omissions,the landslide detection quality percentage of the proposed method is 74.04%.Hence,the method proposed in the article can help to rapid assess landslide disasters caused by earthquakes or heavy rainfalls,providing a reference for post\|disaster emergency relief and reconstruction work.