15 years of processing and dissemination of SPOT-VEGETATION products

Throughout the VEGETATION programme, the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) uninterruptedly hosted the prime user segment of both VEGETATION 1 and VEGETATION 2 multispectral instruments on board the Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre 4 (SPOT 4) and SPOT 5 satellites. Operational since the launch of SPOT 4 in March 1998, and foreseen to continue at least until the end of the SPOT 5 mission (anticipated in spring 2014), this user segment comprises a processing facility (PF), actively receiving, processing, correcting, archiving, and distributing the VEGETATION data and derived added-value products. First and foremost, the VEGETATION programme has been serving the needs of operational users – both institutional and commercial – requesting data in near-real time. However, scientific and educational users too benefited significantly, in particular from VEGETATION’s unique time series of the Earth’s land cover, and more specifically the vegetation cover. Over the years, the centralized archive houses processed data covering the equivalent of 11,000 times the Earth’s surface, and delivered more than 50 terapixels to around 10.000 users. As such, VEGETATION’s mission is a prime example of what Europe wants to achieve through the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative: truly operational services providing reliable and up-to-date information.

This article describes the processing facility, the way the data and products are archived, the different dissemination channels as well as the data policy adopted and the users served. One of the recent evolutions, the development of an entirely new product distribution facility (PDF), implemented as part of the Project for On-Board Autonomy – Vegetation (PROBA-V) user segment is discussed.     

Scalable Realistic Rendering with Many‐Light Methods

Recent years have seen increasing attention and significant progress in many‐light rendering, a class of methods for efficient computation of global illumination. The many‐light formulation offers a unified mathematical framework for the problem reducing the full lighting transport simulation to the calculation of the direct illumination from many virtual light sources. These methods are unrivaled in their scalability: they are able to produce plausible images in a fraction of a second but also converge to the full solution over time. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we give an easy‐to‐follow, introductory tutorial of the many‐light theory; provide a comprehensive, unified survey of the topic with a comparison of the main algorithms; discuss limitations regarding materials and light transport phenomena and present a vision to motivate and guide future research. We will cover both the fundamental concepts as well as improvements, extensions and applications of many‐light rendering.     

A 60‐GHz on‐chip slot‐array antenna in integrated‐passive‐device technology for antenna‐in‐package applications

A new millimeter‐wave antenna structure on a low‐cost, production platform integrated passive device technology is presented. The antenna consists of a 2‐by‐1 array of slot antennas at 60 GHz. An in‐house developed on‐chip antenna measurement setup was used to characterize the fabricated antenna. The measurement results show an antenna gain of more than 5 dBi with a return loss of 18 dB at 60 GHz. The better‐than‐10‐dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna covers the 60‐GHz unlicensed band from 57 to 64 GHz. The 3‐dB beamwidths of the antenna are 105° and 76° at E‐plane and H‐plane at 60 GHz, respectively. The size of the die of the antenna is 2 mm × 4.5 mm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:155–160, 2014.     

Pheromone biosynthesis in lepidoptera

Pheromone components for many lepidopteran species are produced by the use of unique chain-shortening and 9, 10, and 11 desaturase systems. Correlations in the Tortricidae indicate that the pheromone components derived from 9 and 01 desaturases are found in the more primitive species (those possessing morphological plesiomorphies). The precise blend ofZ andE acetates in a number of species is regulated in the final reduction sequence from acyl intermediates. Preliminary research has been conducted on the characterization of the various desaturase enzymes used and on the important blend regulating sequence. Initial purification work on the 11 desaturase enzyme found in the cabbage looper moth is reported.     

The manufacture of high-value carbon from coal-tar pitch

World-wide, 17 million ta^?1 of coal-tar are obtained as a by product in the chamber coking process for the production of metallurgical coke. Refining of this aromatic raw material yields coal-tar pitch which is the traditional coal-derived starting material for the manufacture of carbon precursors and carbon artefacts. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of the physical and chemical nature of this material by means of chromatography, n.m.r. spectroscopy, thermal analysis and chemical reactions schemes. The dominant fields of application of pitch are the manufacture of pitch coke and electrode binders. Delayed coking and horizontal chamber coking are the technologies currently used for the production of cokes with low sulphur and metal content, for anodes for the aluminium-refining industry and the electric steel process. Coal-tar pitch, low in quinoline-insolubles (QI), is an excellent raw material for the manufacture of needle-cokes with a low coefficient of thermal expension (CTE). The separation of inherent QI can be performed via gravity settling in aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures, by centrifugation in a disc separator or by filtration. The possible co-carbonization with aromatic petroleum-derived residues yields premium coke suitable for the manufacture of UHP-electrodes. New developments in the production of coke from coal-tar pitch aim to improve coke yields and increase anisotropy (i.e. low CTE and high electrical conductivity values). Further technological progress has been made in the manufacture of hard pitch which can be used as a starting material for the production of pitch coke in the chamber coking process and for the production of electrode binders by means of a continuous flash process with optimized thermal and pressure treatment of pitch, thus facilitating the ‘tailored’ manufacture of binder pitches of different qualities.     

Polyurethane‐infiltrated carbon foams: A coupling of thermal and mechanical properties

The thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane‐infiltrated carbon foam of various densities were investigated. By combining the high thermal conductivity of the carbon foam with the mechanical toughness of the pure polyurethane, a mechanically tough composite (relative to the unfilled foam) that could be used at higher temperatures than the polyurethane's degradation was formed. Both the tensile strength and the modulus increased by an order of magnitude for the composites compared to unfilled foam, while the compressive and shear strengths and moduli of the composites approached values exhibited by pure polyurethane. At both 300 and 400°C, the rectangular blocks of pure polyurethane lost their mechanical integrity due to decomposition in air. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms substantial initial weight loss above 290°C. Filled carbon foam blocks, however, maintain their mechanical integrity at both 300 and 400°C indefinitely, although the bulk of the rectangular block mass is polyurethane. Three different carbon foam densities are examined. As expected, the higher density foams show greater heat transfer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2348–2355, 2003     

Thermal analysis of styrene–alkyl methacrylate polymers. I. Glass transition temperatures

The glass transition temperatures (T_g's) of several polystyrenes and styrene–alkyl methacrylate copolymers and terpolymers were measured using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymers studied had number-average molecular weights from 3000 to 250,000 g/mole. The results indicate that the composition dependence of the T_g's for the copolymers and terpolymers can be satisfactorily described by a general Fox equation. In general, the measured T_g's of the copolymer and terpolymer samples depend more on the steric effects of the constituent pendent groups than on their molecular weights. The chain flexibility rather than the size of the pendent group is the determining factor in the glass transition properties of the styrene polymers.     

Alarm pheromone system of leaf-footed bugLeptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae)

The alarm pheromone system ofLeptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) adults was shown to be composed of hexyl acetate, hexanol, hexanal, and hexanoic acid. Single components tested in the field elicited dispersive behavior of over 70% of adults. 2-(E)-Hexenal, found in the secretion of nymphs, but not in the exudates of adults, was also active against adults. In addition, first-instar nymphs responded to the four components of the alarm pheromone of adults as well as to 2-(E)-hexenal, a component of their own alarm pheromone system. Adults and nymphs possess different alarm pheromone systems, which are not specific to their own life stage. That hemipteran alarm pheromone systems are not species-specific was supported by the fact that both adult and nymphL. zonatus responded to butanoic acid, an alarm pheromone of Alydidae, which was not found in this Coreidae species.     

X-ray crystal structure of the dye 2-cyano-4-bromo-4′-N,N-diethylaminoazobenzene

The crystal structure and molecular conformation of 2-cyano-4-bromo-4′-N,N-diethylaminoazobenzene (C₁₇H₁₇N₄Br, mol. wt. = 357·2 a.m.u) has been determined from X-ray diffraction data; triclinic, P$\text{1}$ (No. 2), a = 10·132(11) Å, b = 12·216(16) Å, c = 6·966(11) Å, α = 104·21(9)°, β = 92·67(12)°, γ = 97·22(7)°, V = 826·5(9) ų, Z = 2, D_c = 1·436 g cm^?3, F(000) = 378, λ(MoKα) = 0·71069 Å, μ(MoKα) = 26·0 cm^?1. The structure was solved by the multiple solution direct method and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0·059 for 1538 independent observed reflections. The azobenzene skeleton is planar to within 0·06 Å. Most significant bonding data are: NN, 1·290(8) Å; BrC, 1·866(6) Å; mean CN (azo) 1·380(8) Å; NNC, 113·6(4) and 115·3(4)°; NCC (cis relative to NN) 125·9(4)° and 126·7(4)°; NCC (trans) 116·8°(5)° and 116·1(4)°.