The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area

In this study, elemental composition of PM2.5 and the status of indoor/outdoor pollution were investigated in a commercial building near a roadside area in Daejeon, Korea. A total of 60 parallel PM2.5 samples were collected both on the roof (outdoor) and in an indoor office of a building near a highly congested road during the spring and fall of 2008. The concentrations of 23 elements were analysed from these PM2.5 samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. PM2.5 levels in indoor environment (47.6 ± 16.5 μg/m(3)) were noticeably higher than the outdoor levels (37.7 ± 17.2 μg/m(3)) with the I/O concentration ratio of 1.37 ± 0.33 [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.89, P < 0.001]. Principal component analysis results coincidently showed the predominance of sources such as soil dust, traffic, oil/coal combustion and road dust for both indoor and outdoor microenvironments. An isolated source in the indoor environment was assigned to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) with high factor loading of Ce, Cl, I, K, La and Zn. The overall results of our study indicate that the sources of indoor constituents were strongly dependent on outdoor processes except for the ones affected by independent sources such as ETS. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: An improved understanding of the factors affecting the indoor PM2.5 concentration levels can lead to the development of an efficient management strategy to control health risks from exposure to indoor PM2.5 and related toxic components. A comparison of our comprehensive data sets indicated that most indoor PM2.5 and associated elemental species were strongly enriched by indoor source activities along with infiltration of ambient outdoor air for a naturally ventilated building.     

智能化剪力墙设计软件的研究

论述了智能化剪力墙软件发展的必要性,并对剪力墙设计的内容、难题和涉及的相关规范以及设计过程及特点进行剖析、研究,提出了实现智能化剪力墙设计软件中要解决的关键问题及解决方法。     

Contribution of marine and continental aerosols to the content of major ions in the precipitation of the central Mediterranean

The region of the investigated receptor is situated in the southern part of the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean. The measuring station is located on the seashore, which, being considered as a border area, is representative for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of the influence of marine and continental aerosols on the content of major ions in precipitation. In the sampling period, precipitation in the region of the investigated receptor was more abundant during the summer and autumn than during the winter and spring. The most frequent precipitation heights were up to 20 mm, while high precipitation came exclusively from the continental region. The results of the measurements of ions readily soluble in water were used for the differentiation of marine from continental contributions of primary and secondary aerosols to their content in the precipitation. Using PCA, it was shown that main contribution of Cl(-), Na(+) and Mg(2+) came from primary marine aerosols, while the contribution from continental sources was dominant for the content of SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+) and Ca(2+) in the precipitation. The continental origin of Ca(2+) was from a primary source, while SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) were representatives of secondary aerosols produced by reactions between acid oxides and alkaline species in the atmosphere, but SO(4)(2-) and NO(3)(-) also exist in the precipitation as free acids. The origin of the trace elements Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the precipitation came from anthropogenic emission sources. The results obtained in this work are based on experimental data from 609 samples collected during the period 1995-2000.     

黏土微结构参数的相关分析和主成分分析

将统计学中的相关分析和主成分分析方法引入到对土微结构参数的研究之中,并给出了具体分析方法。从而不仅可以消除不同微结构参数在反映土体内部机理方面存在的"部分信息重复"现象,而且可以大大降低微结构参数的维数。根据对累积贡献率的要求不同,可以用不同数目的主成分近似表达所有微结构参数携带的大部分信息,这使得微结构参数的广泛应用成为可能。降维得到的主成分指标,可以用来建立本构方程、强度准则等土力学关系,以反映土微结构特征与宏观力学现象之间的固有联系;并可以利用建立的关系研究土微结构再造过程。对由64幅SEM照片组成的黏土样本进行的域微结构分析表明,微结构参数之间存在明显的"信息重复"现象,2个主成分就可以反映6个原始微结构参数95.28%的信息,从而达到了降维目的。     

PCB dry and wet weather concentration and load comparisons in Houston-area urban channels

All 209 PCB congeners are quantified in water in both dry and wet weather urban flows in Houston, Texas, USA. Total water PCBs ranged from 0.82 to 9.4 ng/L in wet weather and 0.46 to 9.0 ng/L in dry. Wet weather loads were 8.2 times higher (by median) than dry weather with some increases of over 100-fold. The majority of the PCB load was in the dissolved fraction in dry weather while it was in the suspended fraction in wet weather. Dissolved PCB loads were correlated with rain intensity and highly developed land area, and a multiple linear regression (MLR) equation was developed to quantify these correlations. PCA generated five PCB components with nearly all positive loadings. They were interpreted as DOC-associated A1248, wet weather primarily suspended fraction A1254/A1260 likely from building sealants, truly dissolved-associated wastewater dechlorination, watershed-sourced PCB 11, and monochlorinated PCBs (likely connected to a different state or source of dechlorination). The PCB 11 component was statistically higher in wet versus dry weather when no other component showed such clear distinctions. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) did not always group dry and wet weather samples from the same location together illustrating the different congener composition that often exists between dry and wet conditions. Four wet weather samples from high percentage developed land (> 90%) watersheds had nearly the same fingerprint suggesting a generic “urban” signature in runoff, which in this case was caused by residual A1254/A1260 PCB stocks and currently produced PCB 11 in consumer goods.     

基于ISM的预制构件生产风险因素分析

在文献研究和实地调研访谈的基础上,应用扎根理论将预制构件生产的风险因素归纳为4个方面:技术风险因素、组织管理风险因素、经济风险因素和人员风险因素;并引入解释结构模型(ISM)理论,分析风险因素间的相互关系,构建预制构件生产风险因素ISM模型。模型将风险因素划分为五级,可概括为直接影响因素、间接影响因素和根本影响因素三类,且针对根本影响因素提出具体的风险管控措施,以期提高预制构件的生产效率。     

Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis

The development of a surface water monitoring network is a critical element in the assessment, restoration, and protection of stream water quality. This study applied principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface water quality-monitoring network in a river where the evaluated variables are monitoring stations. The objective was to identify monitoring stations that are important in assessing annual variations of river water quality. Twenty-two stations used for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters, located at the main stem of the lower St. Johns River in Florida, USA, were selected for the purpose of this study. Results show that 3 monitoring stations were identified as less important in explaining the annual variance of the data set, and therefore could be the non-principal stations. In addition, the PFA technique was also employed to identify important water quality parameters. Results reveal that total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrate and nitrite, orthophosphate, alkalinity, salinity, Mg, and Ca were the parameters that are most important in assessing variations of water quality in the river. This study suggests that PCA and PFA techniques are useful tools for identification of important surface water quality monitoring stations and parameters.     

钢筋混凝土受弯构件设计变量与裂缝宽度关系的探讨

本文根据砼结构设计规范 GBJ10 - 89有关公式 ,对受弯构件的各设计变量——钢筋及砼材料性能、钢筋直径、梁宽、板厚、受拉区翼缘尺寸等——与裂缝开展宽度的关系进行计算和分析。     

利用东湖淤泥制备超轻陶粒的研究

利用东湖淤泥为主要原材料,进行堆积密度小于500kg/m3超轻陶粒研制。结果表明:按照发泡组分与东湖淤泥比例为20%∶80%,600℃预烧15min,1180℃焙烧12min,制备出了筒压强度1.7MPa、吸水率13.4%、堆积密度为485 kg/m3超轻陶粒。     

我国住宅产业发展现状与前景

分析了我国住宅产业发展过程中现时存在的问题以及面临的机遇与挑战,概括了推进产业现代化发展的思路和实施途径。