松香聚氧乙烯表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以松香（或歧化松香）为原料,通过与不同分子量的聚乙二醇酯化,或通过与环氧乙烷加成,制备了不同聚合度的松香聚氧乙烯非离子表面活性剂。用ＩＲ和１ＨＮＭＲ确证了结构。通过性能测定表明它们具有良好的表面活性、分散力、乳化力和对高稠原油的乳化降粘作用。松香聚乙二醇酯（Ｍｒ,ＰＥＧ＝１０００～１５００）对高粘稠的王官屯原油（３０℃粘度为９０６００ｍＰａ·ｓ）的乳化降粘率大于９８％。它们重要的潜在用途之一是作为高稠原油的乳化降粘剂。     

短碳链烷基多糖苷的合成技术研究

以葡萄糖和正丁醇为原料,考察了此非均相反应体系中反应温度、催化剂对合成短碳锭烷基多糖苷的反应过程的影响。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件时,糖的转人弦可达９９．５％,反应动力学研究的结果显示,该反应为假一级反应,表观反应速率常数Ｋ＝０．０４０３６,活化能Ｅａ＝３７１０６ＪＩ／ｍｏｌ。     

Alginate‐Based Emulsion Template Containing High Oil Loading Stabilized by Nonionic Surfactants

Oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion‐gel systems containing high oil payloads are of increasing interest for food applications because of the reduction in encapsulation cost, consumption frequency or volume of food products. This study shows a facile approach to prepare stable alginate‐based O/W emulsions at high oil loading using a mixture of nonionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20) as a template to form gelled‐emulsions. The synergistic effects of alginate and surfactants on the O/W emulsion properties were evaluated in terms of oil droplet size and emulsion stability. At 2% (w/v) of alginate and 1% (w/v) of surfactants, the size distribution of oil droplets was narrow and monomodal, even at an oil loading of 70% (v/v). The emulsions formed were stable against phase separation. The oil droplet size could be further reduced to below 1 μm using a high‐shear homogenizer. The emulsions formed could be easily molded and gelled into solids of different shapes via ionic gelation. The findings of this study create possible avenues for applications in food industries.     

基于正交实验的宣纸植物油油渍温和清洗

本研究在正交实验的基础上,以清洗前后油渍处宣纸的白度值和pH值为指标,发现温度30 ℃,100 g的质量分数为2.4%的OP-10水溶液,超纯水冲洗量25 g是最佳清洗条件。然后对清洗前后的纸张进行红外光谱（FT-IR）、表面形貌和机械性能的测试,发现清洗后的纸张机械强度有所变化,横、纵向抗张强度由0.883 kN/m和1.13 kN/m分别下降到0.515 kN/m和0.693 kN/m,横、纵向耐折度由5双折次和6双折次分别下降到2双折次和3双折次,横、纵向柔软度从160 mN和230 mN分别下降到120 mN和180 mN。清洗后的植物油油渍颜色变浅、污染范围明显变小,达到了很好地去除植物油油渍的效果。     

烷基(酚)聚氧乙烯醚磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐的合成、性能及脱墨应用

通过AEO-9和TX-10,与顺酐及亚硫酸钠反应合成了烷基(酚)聚氧乙烯醚磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐,得到其较佳合成条件为:酯化反应n(醚):n(酐)=1:1.05,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为3h;磺化反应温度为85℃,反应时间为2h。测定了所得产物的表面活性并进行脱墨应用,结果表明,与生产用脱墨剂相比,其脱墨后白度提高,残余油墨量下降。     

阳离子双酰胺类复合脱墨剂的制备及应用

以三硬脂酸甘油酯、二乙烯三胺(DETA)为原料合成了中间体,经硫酸二甲酯阳离子化制备出双酰胺季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂,再与AEO-9、TX-10复配制得复合脱墨剂。结果表明,该长链双烷基酰胺阳离子脱墨剂具有良好的自乳化性,对纤维具有良好的渗透性,与油墨粒子有较强的相容性,能使油墨从纤维表面脱离,并且能将洗脱的油墨粒子富集于脱墨液表面。AEO-9,TX-10和双酰胺季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂单独使用均有较好的脱墨效果,将这三者按照1∶1∶2复配并加入增效剂后,应用于旧报纸脱墨具有更好的脱墨效果。     

Electrification of antistatic-treated polymeric surface

Nylon and polypropylene surfaces were treated with three different finishes (nonionic, cationic, and anionic) at four different solution concentrations (weight percentage of active finish to solution), 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1%. Contact electrification tests showed that charge accumulated on polypropylene decreased as the concentration of nonionic and anionic solutions increased, and charge could be controlled when the concentration reached 0.1%. The same effect was realized when the concentration of the cationic solution was only 0.025%. No contact charging was observed on nylon after treating with any solutions. Rubbing electrification (tribo‐charging) of nylon treated with the nonionic solution showed that charge decreased as the solution concentration increased, and no charge was observed as the solution concentration reached 0.1%. Furthermore, no tribo‐charging of nylon was observed at any level of the cationic or anionic agents applied to the surface.     

AIP型非离子表面活性剂的制备及在废纸脱墨中的应用

以月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-3)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇(PEG)为原料制备了一系列AIP型非离子表面活性剂.考察了最佳合成工艺,并研究了合成产物及复配产品在浮选法废纸脱墨中的应用.结果表明,使用相对分子质量400的PEG,在反应温度50℃,反应时间1.5h,催化剂用量1.0％,n(AEO-3)∶n(IPDI)∶n(PEG-400)=1∶1∶1时制备的AIP(即AIP-400)具有较好的浮选脱墨效果;AIP-400、AEO-3和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)复配使用时的脱墨效果有进一步的提高,m(AIP-400)∶m(AES):m(AEO-3)=1:2:1,用量为0.2％时,废杂志纸脱墨后的白度为67.8％,残余油墨量为43.2 mm2/m2.     

ADSORPTION OF ETHOXYLATED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS FROM SILOXANE-BASED SOLVENT AND AQUEOUS SYSTEMS: USE OF QCM AND MODEL POLYMERIC SURFACES

Adsorption behavior was quantified with pure ethoxylated nonionic surfactants onto different polymeric surfaces (hydrophilic cotton and hydrophobic polyester) and model hydrophilic gold surface. The polymer materials used for the study were characterized using SEM. The role of ethylene oxide group variation in surfactant-polymer interaction was established using pure surfactant with the same alkyl chain length but varying ethoxylate chain lengths. It was observed that surfactant with more ethylene oxide groups per molecule, being more hydrophilic, interacts favorably with cotton in the hydrophobic siloxane solvent environment. The adsorption of the pure surfactants on model gold surface from hydrophobic solvent and water was also established using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) system. Effect of ethylene oxide chain length and surfactant concentration on the extent of adsorption was quantified. At the gold-water interface, the plateau adsorption for C₁₂ E₃ (15.9 × 10^?6 mole/m²) is about four times higher than for C₁₂E₈. An opposite trend was observed for adsorption of the surfactants on gold in the hydrophobic D5 environment. Information about thickness, adsorption and desorption kinetics, and structure of adsorbed layer was obtained from the QCM-D frequency-dissipation data. The study is an important contribution towards fundamental understanding of applications involving the use of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants.     

一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系的稳定性研究

制备了一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系OP-4/D2EHPA/液体石蜡/煤油/盐酸,通过测定乳液电导率、破损率、溶胀率、乳滴粒径大小等,研究了乳化剂浓度、油内比、D2EHPA皂化度、内相盐酸浓度以及温度等因素对乳液稳定性的影响,并与以液膜传统专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A所制得的W/O型乳液进行了加热破乳对比实验。结果表明该乳液体系表现出两个异常的稳定特性:(1)随着OP-4浓度的增加,乳液稳定性呈现先增加后下降的现象,OP-4在油相中的浓度为3%～5%(wt)时,乳液的稳定性较好。(2)当温度低于45℃时乳液表现出相当好的稳定性,温度超过50℃后乳液稳定性急剧下降。加热破乳对比实验表明,该乳液在60℃加热破乳10min,破乳率达100%,而分别以专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A制备的乳液在60℃下加热60min仍不能破乳。通过控制适当条件,可以制备常温稳定性好而加热条件下容易破乳的乳化液膜体系。