Assessment of biological nitrogen fixation

The four commonly used methods for measuring biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in plants are: the total nitrogen difference (TND) method, acetylene reduction assay (ARA) technique, xylem-solute (or ureide production) method and the use of¹⁵N labelled compounds.The TND method relies on a control non-N₂-fixing plant to estimate the amount of N absorbed by the fixing plant from soil. It is one of the simplest and least expensive methods, but works best under low soil N conditions. The ARA technique measures the rate of acetylene conversion to ethylene by the N₂-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase. The ethylene produced can then be converted into N₂ fixed, using a conversion ratio, originally recommended as 3. Although the method is inexpensive and highly sensitive, its major disadvantages are, the short-term nature of the assays, the doubtful validity of always using a conversion ratio of 3 and the auto-inhibition of acetylene conversion to ethylene. The ARA technique is therefore not a method of choice for measuring BNF.The xylem-solute technique can be used to measure BNF for those species that produce significant quantities of ureide as product of BNF. Although simple and relatively inexpensive, it is an instantaneous assay and also needs to be calibrated against a known method. The most serious limitation is, that only a small proportion of N₂-fixing plants examined are ureide exporters, and the method is therefore not widely applicable.The¹⁵N methods, classified into the isotope dilution and A-value methods, appear to be the most accurate, but also the most expensive. They involve labelling soil with¹⁵N fertilizer and using a non-N₂-fixing reference plant to measure the¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio in the soil. The¹⁵N isotope dilution approach is both operationally and mathematically simpler than the A-value approach. To limit potential errors in the selection of reference crops, it is recommended to use¹⁵N labelled compounds or soil labelling methods that result in the slow release of¹⁵N or the slow decline of¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio in the soil. Additionally, the use of several reference plants rather than a single one can improve the accuracy of the results.     

全参考图像质量评价综述

图像质量评价是图像处理领域内一项很有意义的研究课题。客观图像质量评价方法可分为全参考评价方法、半参考评价方法和无参考评价方法, 目前全参考评价方法较为成熟, 而半参考和无参考评价方法则处于初级阶段, 远远达不到参考评价方法所能达到的效果。对全参考评价方法进行综述。首先简要地介绍了各种类型的评价方法, 其次详细地介绍了PSNR、SSIM、MSSIM、IFC、VIF、FSIM等几种典型的全参考图像质量评价方法, 然后在LIVE和TID2008数据库上进行实验, 对这几种全参考方法进行对比、分析, 最后探讨图像质量评价研究的发展趋势。     

Pricing strategies with reference effects in competitive industries

This paper examines the effect of reference prices on companies operating within competitive industries. We confirm that even with competition, firms optimally price high in the short term to generate a high reference price and then decrease this price over time. Competitors' prices converge toward each other over time, emphasizing the short‐term nature of reference prices. We then show that pricing optimally to take advantage of reference prices generates a positive externality for other firms in an industry, such that competitors may generate higher profit. The longer the focus of a given firm, the more profit the firm generates, but less relative to its competitors. This arises because the externalities created through pricing high to increase reference prices outweigh the benefits of the higher reference prices themselves. If pricing managers are compensated relative to their competition, this suggests that short‐termism may be implicitly encouraged to the detriment of profit.     

永磁同步电机的一种转矩估计算法分析

转矩估计的前提是磁链观测,采用改进的电压法对磁链进行观测.考虑到定子电阻的影响,对基于dq轴方程的模型参考自适应系统的辨识方法进行了详细的计算分析,并发现该电阻辨识算法具有收敛值不唯一的可能,而仪使用q轴方程的辨识算法能克服这一问题.在此基础上建立了基于矢量控制的永磁同步电机系统仿真模型,并验证了算法的有效性.     

一种利用历史数据构造虚拟标签的定位算法

在RFID定位算法中,利用接收信号强度统计模型进行直接定位的精确度不高,而利用实际参考标签定位存在信号易碰撞、外出部署不便等问题,因此提出一种基于虚拟标签的RFID定位算法VIREH以克服以上缺点.该算法利用历史数据构建虚拟参考标签,然后利用虚拟参考标签代替实际参考标签进行定位.依据VIREH算法,开发基于Android移动设备的RFID定位系统,在系统中使用VIREH算法进行定位,对定位误差进行了统计以测试算法性能.测试结果表明,VIREH算法的定位精度较直接定位有显著提高,较使用实际参考标签没有明显降低,有助于提高RFID定位精度.     

[火用]分析环境模型及其确立原则的研究

对现有的环境模型和有关环境模型的理论进行了评述和分析，指出了确定环境模型的理论以及现有的环境模型中存在的问题，提出了比较系统的确定环境模型的理论原则。     

氨内参比法测定尿素熔融液中缩二脲含量

研究了尿素熔融液中缩二脲含量测定时各种消除氨干扰的方法，确定了氨内参比法可作为消除氨干扰的最佳方法，完善了该法应用时的具体操作步骤，建立了一个适用于尿素合成各工段尿液中缩二脲含量测定的简单、快速、准确的分析方法。     

超宽带传输参考接收机性能分析

在确定超宽带传输参考接收机模型的基础上,分析了基本TR接收机的误码性能,并在AWGN信道下进行了系统建模。仿真分析的结果表明,接收机的性能与脉冲对的重复数Ns、码元的积分时间以及接收机输入噪声带宽的大小之间均有规律可循,其适宜条件：Ns取3～5,标称积分时间等于脉冲宽度,噪声带宽应在保持正常接收时误码率为10-4或更低的水平选取。     

基于参考模型的移动机器人直接自适应模糊控制

移动机器人是一个多种功能为一体的综合系统．在控制和规划方面缺乏智能性和鲁棒性。本文提出利用参考模型的直接型自适应模糊控制方法．即直接调整控制器的参数,直到把控制对象和参考模型之间的输入误差减少到10^-6的范围为止．运动控制效果很好。     

永磁直线同步电机自适应内模控制研究

为了解决永磁直线同步电机（PMLSM）运行过程中对系统参数摄动及负载扰动等不确定因素敏感的问题,结合内模控制和模型参考自适应控制各自的优点,设计了PMLSM自适应内模控制器（AIMC）.仿真结果表明,自适应内模控制器同常规PI控制器相比,具有更好的动态稳定性和跟踪性能,对外界干扰具有较强的鲁棒性.