Quantitative determination of the population biological activity of biological sludges used in the activated sludge waste water treatment process

The population biological activity of biological sludges used in the activated sludge waste water treatment process is defined as that minimum amount of biological sludge, still able to reduce in a 21 h contact period, the soluble COD of a waste water by one half the value equivalent to the BOD_5d. This A_mg^BOD50% 21 h value was determined by incubating hundred fold serial dilutions of a biological sludge with a previously sterilized waste water and by plotting the residual soluble COD remaining after a 21 h incubation period vs the sludge dilution. The method allows any given biological sludge to be readily assayed on any given waste water. Biological sludges were found stable for periods up to three months in the frozen state or when stored at 4°C. Lyophilization of biological sludges resulted in a severe loss of population biological activity. Biological sludges of trade waste water treatment plants were followed for periods up to 70 days. A correlation was found between the population biological activity and changes in environmental factors such as reduced N and P nutrient feeding, reduced aeration or changes in pH. Minor changes resulted in a decrease in population biological activity. Drastic changes resulted in a modified shape of the soluble COD vs biological sludge dilution curves, presumably reflecting deep modifications of the waste water-treating biological community.     

Memory for positive versus negative life events: Theories for the differences between happy and unhappy persons.

Three studies examined the following hypotheses for the relation of subjective well-being (SWB) with memory for positive versus negative life events: (1) differences in retrieval mood, (2) the incidence of positive and negative events, (3) the interpretation of events, and (4) frequency of rehearsal. In Studies 1 (n?=?420) and 2 (n?=?94), the partial correlation of retrieval mood with recall, controlling for SWB, was trivial, suggesting that mood had little or no effect on recall. Endorsement frequencies of positive minus negative concrete events and interpretive events on checklists in Studies 2 and 3 each correlated with SWB (ps?     

Correlation coefficient mapping in fluorescence spectroscopy: tissue classification for cancer detection

Correlation coefficient mapping has been applied to intrinsic fluorescence spectra of colonic tissue for the purpose of cancer diagnosis. Fluorescence emission spectra were collected of 57 colonic tissue sites in a range of 4 physiological conditions: normal (29), hyperplastic (2), adenomatous (5), and cancerous tissues (21). The sample-sample correlation was used to examine the ability of correlation coefficient mapping to determine tissue disease state. The correlation coefficient map indicates two main categories of samples. These categories were found to relate to disease states of the tissue. Sensitivity, selectivity, predictive value positive, and predictive value negative for differentiation between normal tissue and all other categories were all above 92%. This was found to be similar to, or higher than, tissue classification using existing methods of data reduction. Wavelength-wavelength correlation among the samples highlights areas of importance for tissue classification. The two-dimensional correlation map reveals absorption by NADH and hemoglobin in the samples as negative correlation, an effect not obvious from the one-dimensional fluorescence spectra alone. The integrity of tissue was examined in a time series of spectra of a single tissue sample taken after tissue resection. The wavelength-wavelength correlation coefficient map shows the areas of significance for each fluorophore and their relation to each other. NADH displays negative correlation to collagen and FAD, from the absorption of emission or fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The wavelength-wavelength correlation map for the decay set also clearly shows that there are only three fluorophores of importance in the samples, by the well-defined pattern of the map. The sample-sample correlation coefficient map reveals the changes over time and their impact on tissue classification. Correlation coefficient mapping proves to be an effective method for sample classification and cancer detection.     

Wavelength dependence of irreversible photobleaching of dye-doped polymer waveguide materials

We report the irreversible bleaching characteristics of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethyl aminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) doped into perfluorocyclobutene (PFCB) and a new material known as DH-6 doped into amorphous polycarbonate (APC) by a monochromatic bleaching source. The wavelength dependent rate constants for the irreversible bleaching process are found, and the experimental bleaching characteristics are compared to the theoretical bleaching characteristics determined from a kinetic model of the bleaching process.     

Natural-light labeling of tomatoes does not facilitate growth or penetration of Salmonella into the fruit

The survival-growth capacity of Salmonella populations on tomato epidermis labeled by a natural-light labeling system was investigated after persistent fears of such marks serving as possible entryways for the pathogenic organisms, alone and in the presence of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a soft-rot organism. Different treatments involving natural-light labeling, fruit waxing, and a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella were applied to mature green tomato surfaces in different sequences prior to storage at 4, 12, or 25°C. Fruit was sampled every 3 days, and Salmonella was enumerated from all treatments and unlabeled fruit, which served as controls. There were no significant differences between treatments or between treatments and controls throughout. The results indicate that the cuticle and epidermal interruptions caused by natural-light labeling do not facilitate the penetration and colonization of the tomato pericarp. In a separate set of experiments, the capacity of Salmonella to penetrate tomato in the presence of a potential synergism with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was investigated. The addition of P. carotovorum at higher, lower, or equal population densities to Salmonella did not significantly alter the behavior of Salmonella on tomatoes stored at 25°C, regardless of natural-light labeling. The inability of P. carotovorum and Salmonella to colonize natural-light-etched surfaces of tomato fruit indicates that the use of this technology does not adversely compromise the surface of tomatoes.     

Metabolomic Differentiation of Brassica rapa Following Herbivory by Different Insect Instars using Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The metabolic alterations of Brassica rapa (L.) leaves attacked by larvae of the specialist Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and the generalist Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, followed by a multivariate data analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) of ¹H NMR spectra showed that metabolic changes in B. rapa leaves induced by the 2nd and the 4th instars were different from each other. However, the congestion of the one-dimensional ¹H NMR spectrum made it difficult to identify discriminating metabolites. To overcome the spectral complexity, several two-dimensional NMR techniques were applied. Of those evaluated, J-resolved spectroscopy, which affords an additional coupling constant, provided a wide range of structure information on differentiating the metabolites. Based on the J-resolved spectra combined with PCA, the major signals contributing to the discrimination were alanine, threonine, glucose, sucrose, feruloyl malate, sinapoyl malate, and gluconapin.     

Three-Stage Thin-Film Superlattice Thermoelectric Multistage Microcoolers with a Δ<Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis><Subscript>max</Subscript> of 102 K

Thin-film Bi₂Te₃- and Sb₂Te₃-based superlattice (SL) thermoelectric (TE) devices are an enabling technology for high-power and low-temperature applications, which include low-noise amplifier cooling, electronics hot-spot cooling, radio frequency (RF) amplifier thermal management, and direct sensor cooling. Bulk TE devices, which can pump heat loads on the order of 10 W/cm², are not suitable in these applications due to their large size and low heat pumping capacity. Recently, we have demonstrated an external maximum temperature difference, ΔT _max, as high as 58 K in an SL thin-film p–n couple. This state-of-the-art couple exhibited a cold-side minimum temperature, T _cmin, of −30.9°C. We regularly attain ΔT _max values in excess of 53 K, in spite of the many significant electrical and thermal parasitics that are unique to thin-film devices. These measurements do not use any complex thermal management at the heat sink to remove the heat flux from the TE device’s hot side. We describe here multistage SL cooling technologies currently being developed at RTI that can provide useful microcooling cold-side temperatures of 200 K. This effort includes a three-stage module employing independently powered stages which produced a ΔT _max of 101.6 K with a T _cmin of −75°C, as well as a novel two-wire three-stage SL cascade which demonstrated a T _cmin of −46°C and a ΔT _max of nearly 74 K. These RTI modules are only 2.5 mm thick, significantly thinner than a similar commercial three-stage module (5.3 mm thick) that produces a ΔT _max of 96 K. In addition, TE coolers fabricated from these thin-film SL materials perform significantly better than the extrapolated performance of similar thickness bulk alloy materials.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Thiodigalactoside‐Based Chemical Probes to Label Galectin‐3

Light up galectin: Photoprobes based on thiodigalactoside were prepared for galectin‐3, a lectin linked to cancer. The probes contained either benzophenone or acetophenone moieties as the photolabel for covalent attachment to the protein. One particular probe labeled galectin‐3 selectively, even in the presence of cell lysate.

     

节能减排：公用事业良性发展的新要求

节能减排是指节约能源和减少环境有害物排放。中国“十一五”规划纲要提出,“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低20％左右,主要污染物排放总量减少10％。这是贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的重大举措;是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,推进经济结构调整,转变增长方式的必由之路。节能减排工作也渗透于城市公用事业发展的各个方面。