Influence of Coagulant Salt Addition on the Treatment of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions by Centrifugation,Ultrafiltration, and Vacuum Evaporation

Abstract

Droplet size is a key factor in the treatment of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, because of its influence on emulsion properties. The addition of a coagulant salt generally causes emulsion destabilization, increasing the droplet size, and enhancing coalescence between oil droplets, which helps its further treatment. The influence of CaCl₂ addition on droplet size distribution of a commercial O/W emulsion used in machining processes was studied in order to facilitate oil removal and to improve its further treatment by centrifugation, ultrafiltration (UF) and vacuum evaporation. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was observed at a CaCl₂ concentration of 0.05 M. The quality of the final aqueous effluent, expressed as its chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, was compared for all treatments. The highest COD values were obtained for centrifugation, while the COD of the UF permeate was approximately constant for all UF trials. The best effluent quality was obtained by vacuum evaporation. A combination of these techniques should be appropriate for most industrial treatments of O/W emulsions, depending on the subsequent use of the resulting aqueous effluent.     

直流电弧等离子体蒸发法制备超细锌粉

采用自行研制的高真空三枪直流电弧等离子体蒸发金属纳米粉体连续制备设备,通过控制阴极电流大小制备不同粒径的超细锌粉。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光分析(XRF)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和相应的选区电子衍射(SAED)以及Simple PCI软件等测试手段对样品的晶体结构、成分、形貌和粒径分布进行表征。结果表明:等离子体法制备的超细锌粉纯度(质量分数)高达99.945%,粒径分布窄,分散性好,颗粒以球状为主,夹杂少量六方形态;超细锌粉的晶体结构与块体材料相同,为六方结构,晶格常数略有收缩;当其他参数恒定,工作电流从150 A增加到300 A时,超细锌粉的平均粒径从165 nm增加到596 nm,产率从2 258.55 g/h提高到7 027.20 g/h。     

Swimming pools as heat sinks for air conditioners: Model design and experimental validation for natural thermal behavior of the pool

Swimming pools as thermal sinks for air conditioners could save approximately 40% on peak cooling power and 30% of overall cooling energy, compared to standard residential air conditioning. Heat dissipation from pools in semi-arid climates with large diurnal temperature shifts is such that pool heating and space cooling may occur concurrently; in which case heat rejected from cooling equipment could directly displace pool heating energy, while also improving space cooling efficiency. The performance of such a system relies on the natural temperature regulation of swimming pools governed by evaporative and convective heat exchange with the air, radiative heat exchange with the sky, and conductive heat exchange with the ground. This paper describes and validates a model that uses meteorological data to accurately predict the hourly temperature of a swimming pool to within 1.1 °C maximum error over the period of observation. A thorough review of literature guided our choice of the most appropriate set of equations to describe the natural mass and energy exchange between a swimming pool and the environment. Monitoring of a pool in Davis, CA, was used to confirm the resulting simulations. Comparison of predicted and observed pool temperature for all hours over a 56 day experimental period shows an R-squared relatedness of 0.967.     

DTZ蒸发法处理渗滤液处理厂浓缩液工程设计

DTZ蒸发/结晶浓缩液处理工艺基于蒸发原理,对普通蒸发工艺进行了多方面改进,该工艺由DTNF系统、HPRO系统、三效蒸发系统、Fenton高级氧化系统组成,通过DTNF、HPRO系统进行预处理,对浓缩液中的可结晶物质进行进一步的浓缩,实现与易发泡结垢的有机质及多价离子的分离,改善蒸发器的物料质量,使得普通蒸发器亦能运用于垃圾渗滤液浓缩液的处理。蒸发处理后出水与渗滤液膜深度处理后出水混合可达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中表2的排放要求。蒸发结晶的晶体可作为氯碱化工行业原料回收利用。     

大型LNG储罐蒸发率校核与测定

蒸发率是LNG储罐设计的一项重要性能参数。介绍了大型LNG储罐保冷设计和漏热量计算,提出BOG蒸发率核算方法,为大型LNG储罐保冷设计提供了依据。     

羰基化制备乙酸工艺副产物-重组分残液回收的研究

通过刮膜蒸发器脱重和高精密精馏的方法对羰基化制备乙酸工艺副产物-重组分残液回收进行了实验。实验中首先采用刮膜蒸发器对甲醇羰基化制备乙酸后的废液进行初步刮膜蒸发,再进行精密精馏处理最终制得3种高纯度产品—乙酸,乙酰氧基乙酸和乙二醇二乙酸酯。采用气相色谱对分离的各组分进行定量分析。优化了操作参数,并验证了工艺可行性,为工业化放大提供可靠的基础数据。     

Ultrahydrophobic PMMA micro- and nano-textured surfaces fabricated by optical lithography and plasma etching for X-ray diffraction studies

Polymeric (PMMA) ultrahydrophobic surfaces with contact angles up to about 170° have been fabricated and used in the context of synchrotron radiation experiments on biological droplets. The different microfabrication processes included either an optical lithography phase followed by a plasma texturing one or a single step deep reactive ion etch attack.The drying of several biological solution droplets has been monitored. Room temperature evaporation experiments (lysozyme, lactalbumin, cytochrome C, doxorubicin and synthesized peptides) finally result in the formation of easily detachable hollow residuals because of the low interaction between the ultrahydrophobic substrate and the aqueous droplet while pilot experiments (bovine insulin) in a sitting-drop environment bring to the formation of well defined crystals. Recent results about in situ X-ray diffraction experiments by SAXS & WAXS (Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering) μ-beam techniques confirm that the presence of such surfaces influences the formation of crystal or fibril structures. These substrates represent indeed a suitable support to study biological and inorganic droplets in a near contact-free environment exploiting the homogeneous evaporation rate induced by the ultrahydrophobicity of the system.     

Gallium gradients in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells

The gallium gradient in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) layers, which forms during the two industrially relevant deposition routes, the sequential and co‐evaporation processes, plays a key role in the device performance of CIGS thin‐film modules. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive study on the formation, nature, and consequences of gallium gradients in CIGS solar cells. The formation of gallium gradients is analyzed in real time during a rapid selenization process by in situ X‐ray measurements. In addition, the gallium grading of a CIGS layer grown with an in‐line co‐evaporation process is analyzed by means of depth profiling with mass spectrometry. This gallium gradient of a real solar cell served as input data for device simulations. Depth‐dependent occurrence of lateral inhomogeneities on the µm scale in CIGS deposited by the co‐evaporation process was investigated by highly spatially resolved luminescence measurements on etched CIGS samples, which revealed a dependence of the optical bandgap, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting, transition levels, and the vertical gallium gradient. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of CIGS cross‐sections point to a difference in gallium content in the near surface region of neighboring grains. Migration barriers for a copper‐vacancy‐mediated indium and gallium diffusion in CuInSe₂ and CuGaSe₂ were calculated using density functional theory. The migration barrier for the In_Cu antisite in CuGaSe₂ is significantly lower compared with the Ga_Cu antisite in CuInSe₂, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed Ga gradients in CIGS layers grown by co‐evaporation and selenization processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SET和Bertrams烧碱蒸发装置的工艺对比

比较了意大利SET公司和瑞士Bertrams公司的离子膜法烧碱蒸发装置工艺特点.     

隔膜法烧碱蒸发工艺技术改造

针对隔膜法烧碱蒸发过程中影响蒸汽消耗、碱损失的因素,提出优化工艺的措施.优化工艺后,节约蒸汽费用约204万元/a,减少碱损失费用约18万元/a.