Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats

A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha^–1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha^–1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively).Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5.Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha^–1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.     

含磷的锌基合金的研究现状

简要评述了含磷的锌基合金的研究现状。介绍了Ｚｎ－Ｐ合金镀液中配体和光亮剂的选择、Ｚｎ－Ｐ合金度层中引入第二种金属可以提高镀层中磷含量，同时讨论了Ｚｎ－Ｐ镀层、ＺＺｎ－Ｆｅ－Ｐ镀层的耐蚀性。     

几种高效混凝剂去除水中痕量磷的效果

本文通过混凝试验,比较了聚铝、聚铁、聚铝铁三种混凝剂对水中痕量磷的去除效果,考察了pH值对聚铁、聚铝、聚铝铁除磷的影响,同时研究了聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、高锰酸钾复合药剂(PPC)的助凝除磷效果。结果表明:聚铁混凝除磷效果明显好于聚铝和聚铝铁;三种混凝剂除磷最佳pH值分别为:聚铁7.5,聚铝6.5,聚铝铁6.0;pH值对聚铝、聚铝铁除磷的影响显著,对聚铁的影响较小;PAM和PPC具有较好的助凝除磷效果;将PAM和PPC联用能进一步提高助凝效果。     

The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen,sulfur, and phosphorus

Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha^–1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha^–1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha^–1 for N, 0.93 t ha^–1 for S, and 0.47 t ha^–1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.     

Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness

Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments.Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.     

层状复合硅酸钠的合成及性能测试

详细介绍了层状复合硅酸钠（LCS）的生产方法及其在洗衣粉中的应用，用LCS制得的洗衣粉，去污力优于无水偏硅酸钠、层状结晶硅酸钠和4A沸石，试验表明LCS是目前应用效果较好的无磷洗涤助剂。     

UniFed SBR 工艺对生活污水除磷的研究

鉴于UniFed SBR工艺具有进水/排水/沉淀阶段同步进行、底部进水、顶部出水及反应器保持恒水位状态等特点,此工艺具有良好的生物除磷脱氮性能.本试验采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧交替运行的UniFed SBR反应器.考察了不同进水碳磷比ρ(C)/ρ(P)值、排水比、最大除磷负荷及曝气量对于系统生物除磷效果的影响.结果表明,对于不同进水ρ(C)/ρ(P)值,分别得到相应的释磷和吸磷速率,当ρ(C)/ρ(P)=23时,系统的出水磷质量浓度为0.89 kg/m~3,去除率为94.67%,当ρ(C)/ρ(P)>23时,可使出水磷质量浓度为零,说明此工艺独特的运行方式适用于低ρ(C)/ρ(P)值生活污水的深度除磷;当进水ρ(COD)成为释磷的限制因素时,随着排水比的增大,出水ρ(P)降低,但当进水ρ(COD)充足时,排水比对于磷的去除影响不大,均能保持较高的去除效率.该工艺独特的运行方式使其在实际操作中达到了很好的除磷效果,并为强化生物除磷提出了新思路和新方法.     

A/O生物除磷工艺丝状菌膨胀的控制

为了有效控制A/O生物除磷工艺处理化粪池污水时产生的丝状菌膨胀,先后采取改变系统的COD污泥负荷(NCOD)、溶解氧(DO)的质量浓度和降低S2-的质量浓度等措施,最终使A/O除磷工艺丝状菌膨胀得到了控制,污泥沉降性能得到了有效恢复.研究结果表明:A/O除磷工艺在高NCOD条件下运行时,容易发生严重的丝状菌膨胀现象,原因是COD在厌氧区降解后仍有较高的剩余量进入好氧区,导致聚磷菌在和丝状菌的竞争中优势变弱;在低NCOD条件下运行时,由于原水中硫化物含量过高导致丝状硫细菌增殖,因此仍然存在轻度的丝状菌膨胀现象.     

磷对钢冷脆行为影响的相界面电子结构分析

基于固体与分子经验电子理论（EET）,计算了α-Fe／α-Fe-MT^X矿和α—Fe／Fe3P的相界面电子结构,并利用相界面电子密度差△ρ分析了非金属元素P引起冷脆的根本原因。计算结果分析认为,非金属元素P与基体α-Fe形成的α-Fe／α-Fe—P相界面比与Si、Mn、Mo元素形成的相界面的电子密度差△ρ大,产生的界面应力也较大,从而提高了合金强度,降低了塑性和韧性;Fe3P与基体α-Fe形成的α-Fe／Fe3P相界面电子密度差在一级近似下不连续,强化效果显著,韧性、塑性降低明显,这是P引起冷脆的根本原因。这些理论分析与实验事实符合得很好。