药物相互作用研究在新药研发和审评决策中的应用

药物相互作用改变了剂量效应关系，可能会降低疗效或增加毒性，是临床应用中合并用药治疗时重要的考虑因素。预测具有临床意义的药物相互作用是药物研发过程中获益风险评估的重要环节。本文概述了药物研发过程中药物相互作用研究的目的和意义，体内和体外研究的主要内容；梳理分析了2020年国家药品监督管理局（National Medical Products Administration, NMPA）和美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）批准上市的新药药物相互作用研究情况，旨在为我国药物研发过程中药物相互作用研究及其监管审评提供参考。     

Corrosion behaviors of carbon steel induced by life activities of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a marine environment

Microbiologically influenced corrosion induced by bacteria has been studied for many years. Corrosion is known to be sensitive to the presence of microalgae, such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum. However, the life activity of P. tricornutum that influences the general and localized corrosion of carbon steel is not fully understood. The current study uses a combination of immersion tests and electrochemical experiments with a detailed surface characterization to reveal the naturally formed corrosion products with/without the presence of P. tricornutum. The results show that samples suffer from pitting corrosion and the averaged pit depths are approximately 15 μm under a light–dark cycle condition or a 24-h constant light condition. Meanwhile, the corrosion products are mainly comprised of γ-FeOOH and Fe₃O₄ in a constant light condition. However, γ-FeOOH, Fe₃O₄, and FeCO₃ are found in a light–dark cycle. This study proposes the fundamental mechanisms of the effect of P. tricornutum life activities on the corrosion performance of Q235 carbon steel, to fulfill the knowledge gaps of the presence of microalgae inducing the general and pitting corrosion of carbon steel.     

Performance analysis of bit error rate of data link system under pulse LFM interference in time-varying rayleigh channel

Wireless Networks - In such mobile platforms as ships and aircraft, the detection and reconnaissance devices are near to the communication facilities. When working at the same time, they will...     

基于IEC 60870-5-104协议的调度命令发送方法研究

对IEC 60870-5-104协议的调度命令进行了研究，提出了一种基于现有IEC 60870-5-104协议的调度命令发送新方法。此技术充分利用了IEC 60870-5-104协议的文件发送功能，通过远程终端单元（RTU）向电厂发送包含调度命令的文本文件。考虑到调度命令在电力系统和电力市场结算系统安全方面的重要性，将该方法应用在电网调度自动化 SCADA 系统中，可以实现交换数据的更高可用性。     

煤矿罗茨鼓风机的安装使用与故障分析

对罗茨鼓风机的特点、结构和工作原理进行了论述,对其安装使用与故障维修进行了归纳总结.在新型罗茨鼓风机的设计中,提出了一种由偏心孤和圆线曲线组合的三叶转子齿剖面,其在对新齿轮廓进行几何模型的基础上,提出了螺旋齿轮廓,并对啮合螺旋三叶进行了比较研究.结果 表明,新的螺旋齿轮廓可以创造更大的气流,降低鼓风机压力的峰值.     

Achieving fabrication of highly transparent Y2O3 ceramics via air pre-sintering by deionization treatment of suspension

An easy albeit quite effective deionization suspension treatment was adopted to alleviate the detrimental effects related to the hydrolysis of Y₂O₃ in an aqueous medium. Fabrication of highly transparent Y₂O₃ ceramics with a fine grain size via air pre-sintering and post–hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment without using any sintering additive was achieved using the treated suspensions. The hydrolysis issue of Y₂O₃ powder in an aqueous medium was effectively alleviated by using deionization treatment, and a well-dispersed suspension with a low concentration of dissolved Y³⁺ species was obtained. The dispersed suspensions were consolidated by the centrifugal casting method, and the green bodies derived from the suspension of 35.0 vol% solid loading showed an improved homogeneity with a relative density of 52.1%. Fully dense Y₂O₃ transparent ceramic with high transparency was obtained by pre-sintering consolidated green compacts at a low temperature of 1400°C for 16 h in air followed by a post-HIP treatment at 1550°C for 2 h under 200 MPa pressure. The sample had a fine average grain size of 690 nm. The in-line transmittance of the sample reached 83.3% and 81.8% at 1100 nm and 800 nm, respectively, very close to the theoretical values of Y₂O₃.     

Analyzing the nanoindentation response of carbon black filled elastomers

Carbon black (CB) filled elastomers are structurally complex materials that offer unique properties at different length scales. They have tremendous potential applications in a number of fields including the automotive and aerospace industries and for designing innovative smart materials such as artificial muscles but their applications remain limited primarily due to inadequate understanding of their unique mechanical properties. Here, using the Berkovich technique to probe the surface mechanical properties at different scales the nanoindentation response of a series of composites made by homogeneously dispersed CB nanoparticles inside a semicrystalline copolymer matrix has been explored. While the measured loading part of the force–displacement curves is well described by Meyer's empirical power relation, the inverted methodology (IM) approach to deal with the unloading part has been considered and its outcome has been compared with that obtained from the standard Oliver–Pharr's method. The results were consistent with the observed increase of hardness when the applied displacement decreases for all composite samples over a large range of CB volume fraction. Zhang and Xu's model is demonstrated to produce experimentally consistent explanation of this indentation size effect. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra also show composition gradients with depth up to 100 nm. Furthermore, the effect of CB content, surface features, and length scale-dependent deformation on the hardness–displacement behavior have been considered. These findings highlight the possibility of attaining a diverse set of mechanical properties by a better understanding of the nanoindentation response of CB filled elastomers which can be useful for material selection and design improvements in a number of practical applications.     

Performance of Al2O3 particle reinforced glass-based seals in planar solid oxide fuel cells

Glass-based materials are usually considered as excellent seals for jointing adjacent components in planar solid oxide fuel cells, but the uncontrollable crystallization in the glass may cause delamination and micro-cracks in such seals. To solve this problem, Al2O3 ceramic particles were added to a BaO–CaO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 glass system to reduce negative effects caused by crystalline phase on the gas tightness and the joint strength in the seals. At an operating temperature of 750 °C, the glass-based seals with 20 wt% Al2O3 addition (GA80) exhibited extremely low leakage rates (~0.002 sccm/cm under an input gas pressure of 13.6 kPa) and higher shear strength (3.31 MPa). The Al2O3 ceramic addition and the crystalline phase BaAl2Si2O8 reinforced the glass matrix. Further thermal cycle analyses indicated that leakage rates for the GA80 seals remained at around 0.0025 sccm/cm after 10 thermal cycles, which was consistent with minor microstructural change and good interface bonding. Single cell testing with of GA80 seals was performed and the results demonstrated stable electrochemical performance through 6 thermal cycles at an open circuit voltage of 1.16–1.18 V, as well as a power density above 546 mW/cm2 at a current density of 925 mA/cm2. These results showed the high thermal cycle stability of the glass/Al2O3 composite seals in intermediate temperature planar solid oxide fuel cells.     

Enhanced thermal shrinkage behavior of phenolic-derived carbon aerogel-reinforced by HNTs with superior compressive strength performance

A novel carbon/m-HNTs composite aerogel was synthesized by introducing the modified halloysite nanotubes (m-HNTs) into phenolic (PR) aerogels through chemical grafting, followed with carbonization treatment. In order to explore the best proportion of HNTs to phenolic, the micromorphology of PR/m-HNTs were investigated by SEM before carbonization, confirming 10 wt% of m-HNTs is most beneficial to the porous network of aerogels. The interaction between PR and HNTs was studied by FTIR spectra, and microstructure evolution of the target product-carbon/m-HNTs composite aerogel were illustrated by SEM and TEM techniques. SEM patterns indicated that the carbon/m-HNTs aerogels maintain a stable porous structure at 1000 °C (carbonization temperature), while a ~20 nm carbon layer was formed around m-HNTs generating an integral unit through TEM analysis. Specific surface area and pore size distribution of composite aerogels were analyzed based on mercury intrusion porosimetry and N₂ adsorption–desorption method, the obtained results stayed around 500 m²g^?1 and 1.00 cm³g^?1 (pore volume) without significant discrepancy, compared with pure aerogel, showing the uniformity of pore size. The weight loss rate (26.76%) decreased greatly compared with pure aerogel, at the same time, the best volumetric shrinkage rate was only 30.83%, contributed by the existence of HNTs supporting the neighbor structure to avoid over-shrinking. The highest compressive strength reached to 4.43 MPa, while the data of pure aerogel was only 1.52 MPa, demonstrating the excellent mechanical property of carbon/m-HNTs aerogels.     

A Highly Sensitive,Reversible, and Bidirectional Humidity Actuator by Calcium Carbonate Ionic Oligomers Incorporated Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)

Sensitivity and multi-directional motivation are major two factors for developing optimized humidity-response materials, which are promising for sensing, energy production, etc. Organic functional groups are commonly used as the water sensitive units through hydrogen bond interactions with water molecules in actuators. The multi-coordination ability of inorganic ions implies that the inorganic ionic compounds are potentially superior water sensitive units. However, the particle forms of inorganic ionic compounds produced by classical nucleation limit the number of exposed ions to interact with water. Recent progress on the inorganic ionic oligomers has broken through the limitation of classical nucleation, and realized the molecular-scaled incorporation of inorganic ionic compounds into an organic matrix. Here, the incorporation of hydrophilic calcium carbonate ionic oligomers into hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is demonstrated. The ultra-small calcium carbonate oligomers within a PVDF film endow it with an ultra-sensitive, reversible, and bidirectional response. The motivation ability is superior to other bidirectional humidity-actuators at present, which realizes self-motivation on an ice surface, converting the chemical potential energy of the humidity gradient from ice to kinetic energy.