Effect of load reduction mechanisms on loads and blade bearing movements of wind turbines

The power control of wind turbines is usually realized via a change in the pitch angle of the rotor blades. Pitching facilitates the exact control of the turbines and the reliable deceleration of the rotor when required. Pitch movements can moreover be used for load control. One of these methods is called individual pitch control (IPC). IPC controls the blades individually and brings about a significant reduction in the fatigue loads and extreme loads placed on the structural components, while at the same time reducing the yield of the turbine only slightly. The lower loads reduce material costs, and thus, the cost of energy (CoE) is reduced, despite the slight reduction in yield. The method is nevertheless not used everywhere since the additional movement cycles put the rotor blade bearings in particular under stress. Special attention must be paid to small amplitude oscillating movements, which carry a high risk of inducing surface damage in the rolling contacts of the blade bearings. This paper uses a cycle analysis of the IWT7.5‐164 reference turbine to illustrate the differences in the movement patterns of wind turbine blade bearings with and without IPC. Moreover, model calculations with single contacts are used to show which of the movement patterns carries a risk of inducing surface damage. The use of IPC leads to the expected load reduction at the blade root. In current literature, IPC is usually assumed to have a negative influence on the life expectancy of blade bearings, but the findings of this study contradict this. The summed blade bearing movement is increased, although the number of very small pitch angles occurring is reduced. This reduction reduces the risk of wear in the blade bearings.     

Interacting force estimation during blade/seal rubs

Abradable seals are used in aeronautical compressors to minimize the blade–casing clearance while ensuring the integrity of the mechanical parts in the invent of contact. Considering the tight clearance, in-flight blade–seal interactions may occur and have to be taken into account when designing abradable seals. The blade–seal interacting force is difficult to access but constitutes a key feature to understand the phenomena and to develop numerical models. The present paper aims to present an experimental methodology to estimate the blade–seal interacting force from indirect measurements. The methodology has been applied to a short interaction produced on a dedicated test rig in conditions representative of the full-scale configuration. The obtained force was correlated with the wear profile of the abradable seal.     

碎边剪稳定运行影响因素分析

针对冷轧酸洗机组碎边剪使用过程中刀片剪切公里数少、刀头更换次数多和维修费用高等问题,经过对碎边剪刀片的材质、硬度和结构间隙及更换刀片方式的研究,改进后碎边剪刀片剪切公里数有了大幅度提高,取得良好的效果。     

风力发电机叶片变桨距偏离方式的受力分析

通过叶素理论及贝茨理论对两种风机叶片桨距角调节方法进行了对比,系统分析叶片桨距角偏离所引起的受力、边界层分离、攻角及桨距角等参数的变化,计算出叶片升力/阻力变化;通过求解流体边界层方程,揭示出叶片偏离最优桨距角之后产生的实际变化。得到下述结论:桨距角变大时,风机效率变化稳定但变化慢,桨距角调节范围较大;桨距角变小时,风机效率变化敏感,调整范围需要精密控制;该结论可为不同应用区域风机叶片参数调整方式的确定提供参考。     

A practical sampling method for profile measurement of complex blades

Blade is one of the most important parts in turbine machinery. The complex geometry of blades not only makes them difficult to fabricate, but also leads them difficult to inspect. Typically, the surface of blades is measured by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Since the measurement time and cost increase proportionally as the increase of measurement points, it is essential to sample measurement points which can represent entire blade with sufficient confidence and accuracy. In order to achieve a certain allowable deviation with a suitable set of points, a practical sampling method for surface measurement of blades was studied. Firstly, the leading edge curve and trailing edge curve were supposed to represent the twisted and bend information of blades. A sampling method based on maximum chordal deviation for leading edge curve and trailing edge curve was researched. Further, a fusion approach for sampling points on both edge curves, which determine the cross-sections, was proposed. Secondly, the inspection points sampling method for sectional curves were investigated. Finally, two simulation and one experimental examples were used to demonstrate the sampling methodology. The results indicated that the approach of this study can ensure the measurement precision at high curvature potion by measuring a small number of points.     

Effects of blade tenderization,aging method and aging time on meat quality characteristics of Longissimus lumborum steaks from cull Holstein cows

The effects of blade tenderization (BT), two aging methods (dry (D) and wet (W)), and aging time (2 and 23 d) on tenderness, color, and sensory properties of Longissimus lumborum muscles from 12 cull Holstein cows were evaluated. Dry-aged loins had higher combined trim and aging losses than control (C) for both D- and W-aging, mostly because of excess trim losses. BT steaks had WBSF of 33.13 N while C steaks had WBSF of 41.46 N (P = 0.09). Aging decreased WBSF. Blade tenderized steaks had higher cook loss than C steaks. Aging, W-aging, and BT × W-aging improved myofibrillar (sensory) tenderness scores. Aging and/or BT improves sensory panel tenderness cull cow Longissimus lumborum steaks. Aging and blade tenderization combined can increase tenderness and value of Longissimus steaks from cull Holstein cows.     

Influence of blade deformation and yawed inflow on performance of a horizontal axis tidal stream turbine

For a better design of tidal stream turbines operated in off-design conditions, analyses considering the effects of blade deformation and yawed inflow conditions are necessary. The flow load causes deformation of the blade, and the deformation affects the turbine performance in return. Also, a yawed inflow influences the performance of the turbine. As a validation study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out to predict the performance of a horizontal axis tidal stream turbine (HATST) with rigid blades. The numerical uncertainty for the turbine performance with blade deformation and a yawed inflow was evaluated using the concept of the grid convergence index (GCI). A fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis was carried out to estimate the performance of a turbine with flexible composite blades, with the results then compared to those of an analysis with rigid blades. The influence of yawed inflow conditions on the turbine performance was investigated and found to be important in relation to power predictions in the design stages.     

A CFD study into the influence of unsteady aerodynamic interference on wind turbine surge motion

To improve knowledge of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics and interference effects of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT), this article focuses on the platform surge motion of a full configuration wind turbine with the rotating blades, hub, nacelle, and tower shapes. Unsteady aerodynamic analyses considering the moving motion of an entire configuration wind turbine have been conducted using an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a conventional blade element momentum (BEM) analyses. The present CFD simulation is based on an advanced overset moving grid method to accurately consider the local and global motion of a three-dimensional wind turbine. The effects of various oscillation frequencies and amplitudes of the platform surge motion have been widely investigated herein. Three-dimensional unsteady flow fields around the moving wind turbine with rotating blades are graphically presented in detail. Complex flow interactions among blade tip vortices, tower shedding vortices, and turbulent wakes are physically observed. Comparisons of different aerodynamic analyses under the periodic surge motions are summarized to show the potential distinction among applied numerical methods. The present result indicates that the unsteady aerodynamic thrust and power tend to vary considerably depending on the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the surge motion.     

汽轮机叶片断裂事故状态监测分析与诊断

文章对某炼油厂汽轮发电机组两次发生叶片断裂事故进行了介绍。通过对在线监测系统记录的数据进行分析,并与检修情况进行比较。结果验证了工频相位、幅值和轴心轨迹的突变是叶片断裂事故的主要特征表现,为提前发现事故征兆,避免类似事故的发生提供参考。     

基于UG的大型水轮机叶片多轴数控加工研究

以UG自动编程软件体系架构为依据,研究大型混流式水轮机叶片多轴数控加工方法。探讨提高叶片加工质量和效率的途径。介绍大型水轮机叶片五轴联动数控加工雕塑曲面编程中涉及到的转轮叶片三维造型、切削仿真、刀具轨迹生成等关键技术。该方案切削力小、加工精度高、成本低,具有一定的参考价值。