Erosion behavior of EB-PVD 7YSZ coatings under corrosion/erosion regime: Effect of TBC microstructure and the CMAS chemistry

Aero-engines operating in dust-laden environments often encounter a lot of dust/sand that causes a severe problem to the TBCs by means of erosion. As the turbine entry temperatures are rising, molten sand is also a big concern to the life-time of TBCs.This paper deals with the TBC behavior under the combined influence of erosion and corrosion attack. Variations in TBC morphology, CMAS infiltration time and CMAS composition and their influence on the erosion resistance at room temperature were investigated. Two different EB-PVD 7YSZ morphologies consisting of a different porosity arrangement were tested in the erosion/corrosion regime. The more ‘Feathery’ structure has a better resistance to erosion compared to a more columnar ‘Normal’ structure, which leads to less degradation of the TBC. However, under the influence of CMAS infiltration the effect was found to be reversed. In general, CMAS-infiltrated EB-PVD TBCs exhibit a higher erosion resistance than the non-infiltrated ones.     

EB-PVD alumina (Al2O3) as a top coat on 7YSZ TBCs against CMAS/VA infiltration: Deposition and reaction mechanisms

Al₂O₃ was deposited as a top coat on a standard 7YSZ layer (or layers) by means of EB-PVD technique and the corresponding morphology of the Al₂O₃/7YSZ coatings was studied in detail. This multi-layer TBC system was tested against calcium-magnesium-aluminium-silicate (CMAS) recession by performing infiltration experiments for different time intervals from 5?min to 50?h at 1250?°C using two types of synthetic CMAS compositions and Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash (VA) from Iceland. The results show that the studied EB-PVD Al₂O₃/7YSZ coatings react quickly with CMAS or VA melt and form crystalline spinel (MgAl_2-xFe_xO₄) and anorthite (CaAl₂Si₂O₄) phases. The presence of Fe-oxide in the CMAS has been found to be key element in influencing the spinel formation which was proved to be more efficient against CMAS sealing in comparison to the Fe-free CMAS compositions. Even though a rapid crystallization was assured, shrinkage cracks in the EB-PVD alumina layer produced during the crystallization heat treatment have proven to be detrimental for the CMAS/VA infiltration resistance. To overcome these microstructural drawbacks, an additional alumina deposition method, namely reaction-bonded alumina oxide (RBAO), was applied on top of EB-PVD Al₂O_3. RBAO acts as a sacrificial layer forming stable reaction products inhibiting further infiltration.     

复合喷丸强化对EB-PVD制备的CoCrAlY涂层的高温氧化性能的影响

为了研究复合型的高能喷丸工艺对EB-PVD制备的CoCrAlY涂层的高温氧化性能,采用0.3N、0.3N+0.1N和0.3N+0.2N的喷丸强度对CoCrAlY涂层进行了表面强化。观察了喷丸强化前后涂层的表面形貌;测量了喷丸前后涂层的表面粗糙度、表面残余应力、涂层的厚度和截面硬度;对比分析了喷丸前后涂层物相变化以及涂层高温氧化性能。研究结果表明：复合喷丸强化比普通高能喷丸强化对EB-PVD制备的CoCrAlY涂层的抗高温氧化性能提升更加明显,0.3N+0.1N的复合喷丸工艺对提升涂层的高温抗氧化性能最好。相较普通喷丸工艺,复合喷丸工艺更能明显降低EB-PVD制备的CoCrAlY涂层表面粗糙度,提高涂层的致密度,改善物相结构,进而提升涂层的抗高温氧化性能。喷丸强度大于等于0.3N时,CoCrAlY涂层表面出现鳞状突出物,导致氧化物在此处择优生长,生成的氧化膜中的应力在此处集中而发生破裂,降低涂层的使用寿命,但复合喷丸能消除该鳞状突出物。     

Investigation of spitting behaviour of NiCoCrAlY type materials during electron beam evaporation

ABSTRACT

Spitting behaviour of four casted and powder metallurgy ingots used in the fabrication of NiCoCrAlY-type environmental protective coatings by electron beam physical vapour deposition was investigated and correlated with ingot microstructures and compositions. Spits found in the coatings mainly consisted of the Ni₅Y phase precipitated in the β-NiAl matrix while their typical size exceeded 50?µm. Spitting was less pronounced for ingots having a higher Cr content, larger size of γ-Ni(Co, Cr) precipitates formed within β-NiAl grains and narrower transitional zone formed at the interface between molten and unmolten ingot regions and consisting of coarsened β grains. Large (above 100?µm) agglomerates of the Ni₅Y phase detected below the zone were identified as the main spit precursors.     

Oxidation and lifetime of PYSZ and CeSZ coated Ni-base substrates with MCrAlY bond layers

Abstract

IN100 blades and CMSX-4 samples with NiCoCrAlY bond coats manufactured via LPPS and EB-PVD were cyclically tested in a burner rig at 1120°C and a furnace at 1100°C. Two different TBC chemistries were deposited by EB-PVD techniques: PYSZ and CeSZ. In all cases the performance of the CeSZ coated variances was superior to the PYSZ coated counterparts. TGO growth kinetics were slightly slower for the CeSZ coated samples. The benefits in lifetime are mainly attributed to the mixed zone oxides that tolerate spinel phase formation due to their ability to “wet” each other. Pore formation in the mixed zone is hereby suppressed favoring crack blunting mechanisms.     

电子束物理气相沉积YSZ热障涂层研究

热障涂层陶瓷面层常用的材料为6%～8%(质量分数)Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2(YSZ).利用电子束物理气相沉积法(EB-PVD)制备了YSZ热障涂层,并对其显微结构、相组成进行了分析.结果表明,YSZ涂层具有典型的EB-PVD制备涂层的柱状晶结构,相成分为t/t'相.     

熔盐环境下热障涂层的等温热腐蚀行为研究

采用电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）在镍基高温合金表面制备了YSZ/NiCoCrAlY双层结构热障涂层,研究了其在熔盐环境下的等温热腐蚀行为。结果表明,涂层在加热过程中发生相变引起体积收缩,导致涂层内部产生微裂纹。熔盐填充涂层内微裂纹和柱状晶间隙,降低了涂层的应变容限,引起涂层内应力升高。同时,熔盐促使热生长氧化层（TGO）碱性溶解,产生疏松多孔的氧化物层,导致TGO层加速增厚。在热应力作用下,疏松层氧化物破碎,最终导致涂层剥落。     

Comparison of tensile properties between NiCoCrAl/YSZ microlaminates and the monolithic NiCoCrAl foil fabricated by EB-PVD

Two NiCoCrAl/YSZ microlaminates and a monolithic NiCoCrAl foil were fabricated by EB-PVD. The two microlaminates contained 20 and 26 alternating layers of NiCoCrAl and YSZ respectively; and their metal layers were 35 and 14 times thicker than their ceramic layers (thickness ≈ 1 μm) respectively. Tensile testing was performed at room temperature, 700 °C and 1000 °C, and fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The fracture toughness was estimated using measured data in room-temperature tensile testing. Among the three foils, the 14 μm metal-layer microlaminate displayed the greatest ductility of metal layers, tensile strength and elastic modulus; however, the 35 μm metal-layer microlaminate showed the greatest fracture toughness. The ratios of the strength of the microlaminates to that of the monolithic NiCoCrAl foil increased with increasing testing temperature. The result was discussed in terms of metal strengthening mechanism.     

热处理对EB-PVD制备的TiAl/Nb复合材料微观组织的影响

对利用EB-PVD技术制备的TiAl/Nb微层板进行了热处理,分析了沉积态材料与热处理态材料的组织结构和物相的变化。热处理TiAl/Nb中态富Ti的TiAl层中成分沿沉积方向呈有规律的梯度变化但未形成周期,界面处的反应扩散区由B2相组成;TiAl层、扩散区和Nb层的显微组织形貌依次为含月牙形亚晶的柱状晶、细小等轴晶和粗大等轴晶;经1000℃/16h的真空退火处理后,Nb层和扩散区会因完全扩散而消失。     

时效热处理对EB-PVD镍基合金薄板组织与力学性能的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积方法(EB-PVD)成功制备了直径为1000 mm,厚度为0.10～0.13 mm的镍基合金薄板.利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试方法,对时效热处理前后试样形貌、析出相组成、高温拉伸性能进行了研究.结果表明,镍基合金薄板材料时效热处理后,晶粒长大,随时效时间延长,晶粒长大速率明显降低.在时效过程中,有细小碳化物颗粒在晶界析出,衍射花样分析表明,碳化物为FCC结构的(Cr,Fe)23C6.时效热处理后,镍基合金薄板材料高温拉伸性能有了很大提高,延伸率有一定的降低.