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1.
Surface oxidation and ensuing damage substantially decrease the service life of High Temperature Polymer Matrix Composite (HTPMC) structures. Oxidative degradation behavior of composites is strongly dependent on the coupling between chemical and mechanical responses of the material. In a composite lamina, the onset of damage and subsequent coupled acceleration of both damage and oxidation are controlled by the transverse failure strength of the oxidized regions. The direct measurement of this strength from experimentation is challenging and cumbersome. A model-based methodology for estimating the mean transverse failure strength of the oxidized regions of a unidirectional composite is described in this paper. As the strength of the oxidized region is expected to show a high-degree of spatial variability, the estimated mean is shown to be relatively insensitive to the effect of strength variance. The developed methodology is illustrated with isothermal aging data available for a typical high-temperature composite system. 相似文献
2.
To enhance the understanding of the behavior and effects of the precipitation of MnO2 particles in the subsurface generated during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using permanganate, laboratory batch experiments were completed to examine the influence that varied reaction matrix conditions have on the generation and properties of manganese oxides. The conditions examined include organic material type and concentration, permanganate concentration, pH, and the presence of calcium (as a representative divalent cation) in solution. Experimental studies included: (1) spectrophotometric examination of permanganate depletion and manganese oxides generation over time during reactions with trichloroethene; (2) scanning electron microscopy analyses of manganese particle morphology; (3) particle size distribution (filtration) characterization studies; and (4) optical particle sizing and numeration studies. Bench-scale, batch experiments were conducted to focus on fundamental chemical properties affecting particle development under varied potential environmental conditions. The amount of manganese oxides particles that develop, grow, and potentially settle as a result of permanganate ISCO of organic contaminants is a function of the particle size and concentration, the time allowed for particle development, and the impact of matrix conditions on the ability of particles to agglomerate. 相似文献
3.
Hisakatsu HamaKohji Tashiro 《Polymer》2003,44(22):6973-6988
Structural evolution in the isothermal crystallization process of polyoxymethylene from the molten state has been investigated by carrying out the time-resolved measurements of infrared spectra and synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering. In case of isothermal crystallization at 130 °C, for example, the infrared bands intrinsic of folded chain crystal (FCC) morphology appeared at first, and then the bands of extended chain crystal (ECC) morphology were detected with time delay of ca. 150 s. In the SAXS experiment at 130 °C, the lamellar stacking structure of the long period of ca. 15 nm was observed at first, which changed rapidly to ca. 12 nm in a short time. The SAXS peak with the long period of ca. 6 nm started to appear with a time delay of ca. 150 s after the initial lamellae appeared and coexisted with the initially-observed 12 nm peak. Judging from the timing to detect these characteristic infrared and SAXS signals, a good correspondence was found to exist between the stacked lamellar structure of 12 nm long period and FCC morphology and between the structure of 6 nm long period and ECC morphology. The quantitative analysis was made for the SAXS data on the basis of the lamellar insertion model combined with the paracrystalline theory of the second-kind of disorder. The following structural evolution was deduced from all these results. Immediately after the temperature jump from the melt to 130 °C, the stacked lamellar structure of FCC morphology was generated at first. New lamellae were formed from the amorphous region in between the originally-existing lamellae about 150 s later, where the random chain segments bridging the adjacent lamellae were extended to form the taut tie chains, giving infrared bands of ECC morphology. This inserted lamellar structure of 6 nm long period coexisted at a population of ca. 6% with the initially-formed lamellar stacking structure of 12 nm long period. When the experiment was made at 150 °C, only the formation of stacked lamellar structure of FCC morphology was observed and the insertion of new lamella did not occur. 相似文献
4.
实验研究了以工业硫酸亚铁及废硫酸为原料,分别采用NaClo_3、KClO_3、H_2O_2及(o_2+NaNO_2)为氧化剂成聚硫酸铁的条件。在以(O_2+NaNO_2)为氧化剂的合成过程中,发现添加微量助催化剂(型号为HG-1、HG-2和HG-3),对提高合成速度及反应过程的稳定性具有重大作用。 相似文献
5.
Anton Demirev 《臭氧:科学与工程》2005,27(6):475-485
The ozonation of two differently substituted azo dyes (Schwarz GRS and Orange Acid 8) in water media is studied. The influence of pH on the effectiveness of the ozonation at various initial concentrations of each dye is explored. It was found out that the rates of decolorization for amino-group substituted dyes reflect the considerable influence by the widely varying initial pH from 4.5 to 10. Specifically, the highest effect of decolorization of this dye was obtained at the highest pH studied (pH 10) for all initial concentrations of the solutions. Considering the dye without an amino-group substitute, the rates of color disappearance in ozonation reflected to a lower degree the variations of the initial pH. Pseudo-first-order trends of decolorization were observed in all the experimental runs. Regarding the kinetic results obtained, an attempt to explain the different dyes reactivity was made based on the absolute electronegativity (Elumo + Ehomo) of both dyes. The COD/BOD analysis shows that the ozonation of both azo dyes can reduce the sample COD but it could not improve the biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD). BOD decrease with ozonation time indicates that the intermediates of the ozonation are of lower biodegradability. Oxalic acid was found as the final product of ozonation of both dyes. 相似文献
6.
Andreja ?gajnar Gotvajn Jana Zagorc-Kon?an Tatjana Ti?ler 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,133(1):89-94
The preoxidation of a highly polluted waste pharmaceutical fermentation broth using wet air oxidation (WAO) has been studied as a possible method for the effective removal of organics. The applied (pre)treatment method should enhance the biotreatability of the pharmaceutical fermentation broth in terms of reduced initial toxicity and higher biodegradability. Preliminary experiments in the pilot biological treatment plant were successful only at low organic loads, whereas the system collapses at higher ones. The characterization of the fermentation broth was started by common physicochemical analysis, whereas several bioassays were used to determine its impact on biological treatment plants and the environment. Toxicity prior to and after WAO was determined using the acute Vibrio fischeri test, measurement of inhibition of O2 consumption, and the Daphnia magna acute test. Ready biodegradability of the treated and untreated broth has also been assessed. WAO experiments were accomplished in the 2?L batch reactor at different temperatures (240/280°C) and operating pressures. WAO experiments confirmed reduction of the toxicity toward microorganisms, whereas oxidized wastewater was more toxic to daphnids. Biodegradability of the oxidized broth has also been enhanced. Further work has been focused on designing appropriate combination of WAO and biological processes. 相似文献
7.
Exchange and oxidation of C16O were investigated at 450°C on 18O-predosed Rh and Pt catalysts supported on A12O3, CeO2 and CeO2-Al2O3. In all cases, a rapid exchange of C16O with the surface can be observed. CO oxidation leads to C16O2, C16O18O and C18O2. Significant formation of C16O2 is due to the relatively high 16O coverage in reaction resulting from the C16O exchange and from an exchange between O surface species and 16O internal atoms. Hydrogen is also formed via a water-gas shift reaction (CO + surface OH) in higher proportion on CeO2-containing catalysts than on A12O3. Chlorine inhibits all the reactions (exchange, oxidation and WGS) and particularly the internal exchange. 相似文献
8.
9.
Catalytic oxidation of sulfide ions over nickel hydroxides 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The catalytic sulfide ion oxidation by oxygen to elemental sulfur over β-Ni(OH)2 and LiNiO2 has been studied. As a result of experimental investigation performed, a reaction mechanism is suggested which involves heterogeneous and homogeneous processes. Dioxygen activation in the heterogeneous process proceeds via a redox Ni2+ ↔ Ni3+ transition and participation of OH− groups. The active HO−2 species thus formed carries on the reaction in homogeneous phase. Nickel hydroxides are promising catalysts for practical application. 相似文献
10.
A. Andreev L. Prahov M. Gabrovska A. Eliyas V. Ivanova 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》1996,8(4):365-373
The catalytic activity of a wide range of transition metal oxides in oxidation of sulphide ions by air in aqueous medium was studied. Some specific features of the reaction mechanism on some of the studied oxides were considered. The transition metal oxides are promising catalysts for practical application. Some of these oxides will allow the preparation of catalysts possessing activity comparable to that of the cobalt phthalocyanine based catalysts, popular in industrial practice. 相似文献