Multi-objective planning and optimization of microgrid lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage system consider power supply status and CCER transactions

Lithium iron phosphate battery (LIPB) is the key equipment of battery energy storage system (BESS), which plays a major role in promoting the economic and stable operation of microgrid. Based on the advancement of LIPB technology and efficient consumption of renewable energy, two power supply planning strategies and the china certified emission reduction (CCER) model are proposed respectively. Based on it, the multi-objective planning optimization model with economic benefits, environmental benefits and power supply stability as the objective function is established for the first time, and the Newton Weighted Sum Frisch method (NWSFA) solution model is adopted. In the planning process, rain flow counting method is used to research the life of BESS, which improves the accuracy of energy storage annual cost calculation. A park in northern China is taken as a case study to demonstrate the application of this model. The simulation results show that the annual economic operating cost of BESS is decreased by 18.81%, the energy supply reliability is increased by 0.15%, and the optimal electricity price adjustment ratio of the system is 15%.     

Electrochemical performance of spherical Li-rich LMNCO cathode materials prepared using a two-step spray-drying method

In this study we synthesized Li-rich Li_1.2Ni_0.13Mn_0.54Co_0.13O₂ (LMNCO) as a composite cathode material through a two-step spray-drying method, using transition metal (TM) acetates and citric acid (CA, as a chelating agent) at various molar ratios and then calcining at various temperatures for various periods of time. This two-step spray-drying method created hierarchical nano/micro-sphere structures of the LMNCO cathode material. The LMNCO cathode exhibited the best electrochemical performance when synthesized with a TM:CA ratio of 3:2, a calcination temperature of 900 °C, and a calcination time of 5 h. This as-prepared LMNCO composite was then modified with polyimide (PI) at various weight ratios (PI/LMNCO = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) to improve its electrochemical properties. Among the various structures, the LMNCO cathode material coated with 1.0 wt% of PI at a layer thickness of approximately 1.88 nm achieved the best initial discharge capacities. This modified electrode also displayed enhanced cycle stability, with over 93.3 and 87.9% of the capacity retained after 30 cycles at 0.1C and 100 cycles at 1C, respectively. In comparison, the capacity retention of the unmodified LMNCO electrode measured under the same conditions was no more than 91.3% at 0.1C and 70.1% at 1C. Thus, surface modification with PI was an effective method for improving the coulombic efficiency, discharge capacity, and long-term cycling performance of the LMNCO cathode. Such PI-coated LMNCO composite cathode materials appear to be potential candidates for use in next-generation high-performance lithium-ion batteries.     

倾斜入射下的单截面平面度绝对检验

针对大尺寸光学平面的直线度的纳米级测量精度需求，提出了倾斜入射下单截面平面度绝对检验方法，实现了对超过相移干涉仪口径的长平晶绝对检验。利用棱镜转向实现倾斜入射角度的精密预标定，棱镜标定角度的精度高于圆光栅和图像分析等方法，可提高测量不确定度到0.0042 μm。对比了常规三面互检绝对检验结果与本方法的差异，在相同尺寸下，直线度误差仅为1.2 nm。在确认标定反射镜位置后，整个倾斜入射的干涉图调整过程将被完全集中到待测长平晶的工作面上，不需要再对反射平晶进行操作。调整长平晶时各个维度的操作互不干涉，可快速简便地得到测量结果。     

Fracture behavior of solid electrolyte LATP material based on micro-pillar splitting method

The NASICON type solid electrolyte LATP is a promising candidate for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries considering energy density and safety aspects. To ensure the performance and reliability of batteries, crack initiation and propagation within the electrolyte need to be suppressed, which requires knowledge of the fracture characteristics. In the current work, micro-pillar splitting was applied to determine the fracture toughness of LATP material for different grain orientations. The results are compared with data obtained using a conventional Vickers indentation fracture (VIF) approach. The fracture toughness obtained via micro-pillar splitting test is 0.89 ± 0.13 MPa?m^1/2, which is comparable to the VIF result, and grain orientation has no significant effect on the intrinsic fracture toughness. Being a brittle ceramic material, the effect of pre-existing defects on the toughness needs to be considered.     

A matryoshka-like CuS@void@Co3O4 double microcube-locked sulfur as cathode for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur battery cathodes still remain a challenge on capacity decay due to the shuttle effect even though a series of strategies have been tried. Here we report a novel matryoshka-like CuS@void@Co₃O₄ architecture of double micro-cubes (μ-cubes) that locks sulfur between the CuS core and the Co₃O₄ shell. Plenty of existing spaces between the μ-cubes suffice a high loading of sulfur and volumetric accommodation. The robust, double closed cubes configuration greatly enhances the confinement of polysulfides. In parallel, the CuS core increases the electronic conductivity and contributes to additional capacity, while the Co₃O₄ shell ensures a better interface activity. A high Li⁺ ion diffusion coefficient is obtained during the sulfur and lithium sulfide transformation. The constructed battery displays an initial capacity up to 1480 mAh g⁻¹, and a Coulombic efficiency (CE) exceeding 99%. A capacity retention higher than 500 mAh g⁻¹ with a CE larger than 99.8% after cycling 400 times at 0.2 C are achieved. In addition, under a temperature of −5 °C, a high capacity of 700 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2 C after 200 cycles is achieved, indicating a good low-temperature tolerance.     

Labeling and Characterization of Phenol-Containing Glycopeptides Using Chemoselective Probes with Isotope Tags

Secondary metabolites are structurally diverse natural products (NPs) and have been widely used for medical applications. Developing new tools to enrich NPs can be a promising solution to isolate novel NPs from the native and complex samples. Here, we developed native and deuterated chemoselective labeling probes to target phenol-containing glycopeptides by the ene-type labeling used in proteomic research. The clickable azido-linker was included for further biotin functionalization to facilitate the enrichment of labeled substrates. Afterward, our chemoselective method, in conjunction with LC-MS and MSn analysis, was demonstrated in bacterial cultures. A vancomycin-related phenol-containing glycopeptide was labeled and characterized by our labeling strategy, showing its potential in glycopeptide discovery in complex environments.     

Sea urchin-like LiAlO2@NiCoO2 hybrid composites with core-shell structure as high-performance Li storage materials

Sea urchin-like LiAlO₂@NiCoO₂ hybrid composites with core-shell structure assembled with nanoneedles have been successfully fabricated through a facile hydrothermal route followed by a calcination procedure in N₂ for the first time. The sea urchin-like architecture with large accessible surface can offer numerous active sites for redox reaction. The synergy of two advantages has dramatically improved the electrochemical behavior in terms of specific capacity, cycle performance and rate capability, especially at high current densities. The LiAlO₂(5.0 wt%)@NiCoO₂ displays charge capacities are 1309.0 and 933.6 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 and 1A g^?1, respectively, after 400 cycles. However, the charge capacities of bare NiCoO₂ are only 562.9 and 476.7 mAh g^?1 at corresponding rates. Especially, LiAlO₂(5.0 wt%)@NiCoO₂ preserves 358.1 mAh g^?1 after 500 cycles at 2A g^?1 with a capacity retention of 74%. The superior electrochemical property is related to the sea urchin-like nature and the ingenious composition design. In addition, the DFT calculation result shows that the formed stable, well-coordinated, and metallic interface between LiAlO₂ and NiCoO₂ are very helpful for reducing the interfacial impedance and beneficial for the improved rate capability of the materials. Therefore, such LiAlO₂@NiCoO₂ composites with unique morphology demonstrate a huge potential as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries.     

Recycling spent lead acid batteries into aqueous zinc-ion battery material with ultra-flat voltage platforms

The harmless disposal of lead paste in the spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) remains an enormous challenge in traditional pyrometallurgical recycling. Here, we introduced a hydrometallurgical method for the recycling of the spent LABs’ waste to obtain the β-PbO as a novel zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) active material. The obtained β-PbO exhibits ultra-flat charge/discharge voltage platforms (0.21 mV/(mAh g^?1)) and stable specific capacity. During the charge/discharge, the β-PbO spontaneously triggers the formation of (ZnSO₄)[Zn(OH)₂]₃·5H₂O (ZHS) micro-sheets as a surface passivation layer. Moreover, the ex-situ X-ray spectra reveal that the reversible phase transformation occurs between PbSO₄ and Pb with the assistance of ZHS by adjusting the PH value on the electrode-electrolyte interface. The synergistic two-phase-reaction mechanism generates ultra-flat voltage platforms upon the charge/discharge. This “energy-saving and environment-friendly” recycling route eliminates the major source of emission of pollution particulates/gases compared to the traditional pyrometallurgical recycling, while at the same time replacing energy-consuming and environmentally detrimental processes of synthesis of current ZIBs cathodes.     

Corrosion of Li-ion battery cathode materials on mullite insulation materials during calcination

A specially designed experimental device was used in laboratory to investigate the corrosion of mullite during the calcination of Li(Ni_xCo_yMn_z)O₂ (LNCM) materials. The anti-corrosion tests were carried out at 1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300 °C, and characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of temperature on the interactions between mullite insulation materials and LNCM materials was determined. In addition, the high-temperature creep properties of the mullite insulation materials before and after corrosion were tested. The laboratory scale tests, thermodynamic and kinetic calculations allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the mullite insulation materials during serving for the roasting process of LNCM materials. Through this research, it is suggested that the upgrading of the kiln lining in the lithium battery industry should select materials with excellent resistance to alkali corrosion, especially excellent resistance to Li⁺ corrosion.     

Unique CNTs-chained Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles as excellent high rate anode materials for Li-ion capacitors

Composite anode materials with a unique architecture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-chained spinel lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LTO) nanoparticles are prepared for lithium ion capacitors (LICs). The CNTs networks derived from commercial conductive slurry not only bring out a steric hindrance effect to restrict the growth of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles but greatly enhance the electronic conductivity of the CNTs/LTO composites, both have contributed to the excellent rate capability and cycle stability. The capacity retention at 30 C (1 C = 175 mA g^?1) is as high as 89.7% of that at 0.2 C with a CNTs content of 11 wt%. Meanwhile, there is not any capacity degradation after 500 cycles at 5 C. The LIC assembled with activated carbon (AC) cathode and such a CNTs/LTO composite anode displays excellent energy storage properties, including a high energy density of 35 Wh kg^?1 at 7434 W kg^?1, and a high capacity retention of 87.8% after 2200 cycles at 1 A g^?1. These electrochemical performances outperform the reported data achieved on other LTO anode-based LICs. Considering the facile and scalable preparation process proposed herein, the CNTs/LTO composites can be very potential anode materials for hybrid capacitors towards high power-energy outputs.