Real time power management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric bus based on Lyapunov stability theorem

The fuel cell/battery durability and hybrid system stability are major considerations for the power management of fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) operating on complicated driving conditions. In this paper, a real time nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) with stability analyze is formulated for power management of FCHEB. Firstly, the mathematical model of hybrid power system is analyzed, which is established for control-oriented design. Furthermore, the NAC-based strategy with quadratic Lyapunov function is set up to guarantee the stability of closed-loop power system, and the power split between fuel cell and battery is controlled with the durability consideration. Finally, two real-time power management strategies, state machine control (SMC) and fuzzy logic control (FLC), are implemented to evaluate the performance of NAC-based strategy, and the simulation results suggest that the guaranteed stability of NAC-based strategy can efficiently prolong fuel cell/battery lifespan and provide better fuel consumption economy for FCHEB.     

Dynamic simulation of hydrogen-based off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen storage considering Fanger model thermal comfort

In this study, some locations with different climates, off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen energy storage systems are designed, and transient analysis is conducted. These considered buildings supply their electricity consumption without using the electrical grid and PV panels or wind turbines. Also, they supply thermal comfort to occupants by using a vapor compression chiller and humidifier. Domestic hot water of occupants is supplied using solar collectors. For analyzing building's performance and objectives achievement, TRNSYS software is used. Also, for evaluating occupant thermal comfort, the Fanger model is used. The considered building is a one-story building with a 150 m² area. Four occupants are considered. Both of them are seated at rest, and another is seated with light working such as typing. Using the Fanger model equation and MATLAB software, the thermal comfort of occupants is determined. For domestic hot water consumption, verified profiles that vary during 24 h of the day are considered. Achieved results show that for humid and cold cities, PV panels with an area of 73 and 76 m² can be supplied the required electricity of considered building with four occupants and battery state of charge is higher than 50% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, with a suitable air conditioner system, the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) can be lower than 12% and 8% for humid and cold cities. Therefore, the building can be converted to a zero-energy building using its rooftop area.     

Physical and sensory properties of lemon-flavored acidic beverages formulated with nonfat dry milk during storage

Sensory and physical properties of 2 lemon-flavored beverages with 5% and 7.5% wt/wt nonfat dry milk (NFDM) at pH 2.5 were studied during storage. The 2 beverages had similar volatile compounds, but the 5% NFDM had higher aroma and lemon flavor, with a preferred appearance by consumers due to the lower turbidity and viscosity. After 28 d of storage at 4°C, lemon flavor decreased in the 5% NFDM beverage but was still more intense than the 7.5% one. During 70 d of storage, no microorganisms were detected, and the beverages were more stable when stored at 4°C than at room temperature according to changes of physical properties measured for appearance, turbidity, color, particle size, zeta potential, rheological properties, and transmission electron microscopy morphology. Findings of the present study suggest that NFDM may be used at 5% wt/wt to produce stable acidic dairy beverages with low turbidity when stored at 4°C.     

Cyclic thermal shock resistance for MgAlON–MgO composites obtained with additions of spent MgO–C brick: Microstructure characteristics,thermal shock parameter and thermal shock mechanism

Thermal shock parameters (R, R''', R'''' and R_st) of MgAlON–MgO composites obtained with additions of spent MgO–C brick were calculated using measured mechanical properties and thermal expansion coefficient, determining their resistance to fracture initiation and crack propagation. The cyclic thermal shock experiments of MgAlON–MgO composites performed from 1398 K to ambient temperature indicate that as number of thermal shock cycle increases, retained strength ratio of MgAlON and MgAlON–4.2 wt%MgO sharply decrease and then keep constant, while that of MgAlON–10.5 wt%MgO and MgAlON–15.7 wt%MgO slowly decrease. The reason for the difference is that MgAlON and MgAlON–4.2 wt%MgO show low value of R''' and R'''', and high value of R and R_st. Moreover, precipitation of impurity containing Fe may play a positive role in improvement of thermal shock resistance of MgAlON–MgO composites. MgAlON?4.2 wt%MgO has the maximum retained strength (55 MPa) even after 5 thermal shock cycles, which is expected to be used in the metallurgical industry.     

High-entropy titanate pyrochlore as newly low-thermal conductivity ceramics

Low-thermal conductivity ceramics play an indispensable role in maximizing the efficiency and durability of hot end components. Pyrochlore, particularly zirconate pyrochlore, is currently a highly promising and widely studied candidate for its extremely low thermal conductivity. However, there are still few pyrochlores that offer both stiffness, insulation, and good thermal expansion properties. In this work, the solidification method was innovatively introduced into the preparation of titanate pyrochlore, and combined it with the compositional design of high-entropy. Through careful composition design and solidification control, the high-density and uniform elements distributed high-entropy titanate pyrochlore ceramics were successfully prepared. These samples possess high hardness (15.88 GPa) and Young’s modulus (295.5 GPa), low thermal conductivity (0.947 W·m^?1·K^?1), excellent thermal expansion coefficient (11.6 ×10^?6/K) and an exquisite balance between stiffness and insulation (E/κ, 312.1 GPa·W^?1·m·K), in which the E/κ exhibits the highest value among the current reported works.     

Optical properties and radiation stability of SiO2/ZnO composite pigment prepared by co-sintering method

Thermal control coatings (TCCs) are an essential part of the thermal control systems in the spacecraft. Solar absorptance and emittance are the key performance parameters of TCCs. To develop an ultra-low solar absorption and stable inorganic TCCs for surface radiator, different TCCs were prepared by co-sintering ZnO and SiO₂ nanoparticles to form Zn₂SiO₄/SiO₂ pigment in this work, and the optical properties and radiation stability were systematically studied. It is found that the coating based on composite pigment has high reflectivity in the ultraviolet band and excellent optical performance possessing the low solar absorption of 0.06. In addition, the Zn₂SiO₄/SiO₂ coating demonstrates the highest proton and electron radiation stability because that SiO₂ between Zn₂SiO₄ particles acts as the relaxation center of the defects caused by radiation.     

Ternary type BaY2ZnO5: Eu3+ deep-red phosphor for possible latent fingerprint,security ink and WLED applications

Pc-WLEDs are considered to play a spectacular role in future generation light sources in view of their outstanding energy efficiency. In this regard, Eu³⁺ activated BaY₂ZnO₅ phosphor was prepared and investigated by XRD, PL and SEM analyses. Rietveld refinement analysis was carried out to confirm the structure of the synthesized phosphor. The prepared phosphor shows an intense red emission around 627 nm under excitation by near UV light. The ⁵D₀-⁷F₂ transition intensity of the prepared phosphor is three times higher compared to the commercial (Y,Gd)BO₃:Eu³⁺ red phosphor. The CIE colour coordinates of BaY₂ZnO₅:Eu³⁺ (9mol%) phosphor corresponds to be (0.6169, 0.3742) and it has a high 97.9 % colour purity. The obtained results reveal the utility of BaY₂ZnO₅:Eu³⁺ phosphor as an efficient red component in WLEDs, anti-counterfeiting and fingerprint detection applications.     

Influence of Co/W co-doping on structural and electrical properties of Na0.5Bi2.5Nb2O9 piezoelectric ceramics

Co/W co-doped Na_0.5Bi_2.5Nb_2-x(Co_1/3W_2/3)_xO₉ (NBNCW-x) ceramic samples were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The electrical properties and crystal structure of the NBNCW-x ceramic samples were analyzed in detail. The XRD and Rietveld refinement results showed that the samples lattice distortion decreased with the increment of Co/W doping. The XPS results showed that the number of oxygen vacancies in the Na_0.5Bi_2.5Nb₂O₉ ceramics could be reduced by the substitution of a small amount of Co/W. The weakened lattice distortion and reduced number of oxygen vacancies of the Na_0.5Bi_2.5Nb₂O₉ ceramics synergistically contributed to its improved electrical properties. In particular, the Na_0.5Bi_2.5Nb_1.97(Co_1/3W_2/3)_0.03O₉ ceramic exhibited the best performance, and its T_c, d₃₃ and P_r were 780 °C, 24.9 pC/N and 12.6 μC/cm², respectively. The dielectric loss was only 3.3% at 550 °C. In addition, this ceramic exhibited excellent thermal stability, with the d₃₃ value of the ceramic being 95.2% of its original value when annealed at 750 °C. These properties indicate that the Co/W co-doped Na_0.5Bi_2.5Nb₂O₉-based ceramics have potential application in the high-temperature field.     

双亲纳米SiO2颗粒的制备及提高渗吸采收率性能

以正辛基三乙氧基硅烷和3-巯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷为改性剂，以双氧水为氧化剂，在水基环境下对亲水纳米SiO2颗粒表面进行改性，得到具有磺酸基和辛基的双亲纳米SiO2颗粒，并通过红外和热重对其化学结构和热稳定性进行分析。将双亲纳米SiO2颗粒分散在地层水中制备纳米流体，并评价纳米流体的稳定性、界面性质和渗吸效率。利用核磁共振技术探究纳米流体渗吸过程中岩心孔隙内原油运移规律。结果表明，纳米流体储存30 d未出现分层现象，表现出良好的稳定性；经纳米流体处理的岩心亲水性增强。此外，双亲纳米SiO2颗粒将油水界面张力降低至1.7 mN/m；纳米流体渗吸采收率高达22.6%，渗吸初始阶段小孔隙中的原油被动用，而在渗吸后期阶段大孔隙中的原油才被动用。