Simple and novel synthesis of zirconia whiskers from a phosphate flux

High quality zirconia whiskers have been successfully prepared by molten salt method, using zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O) and sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄·12H₂O) as precursor and molten salt, respectively. The effects of types of molten salt and heat treatment temperature on the formation of zirconia whiskers were characterized by XRD, Raman, DTA-TG, FE-SEM, TEM, SAED and HR-TEM. When Na₃PO₄·12H₂O is utilized as molten salt and the heat treatment temperature is 900?°C, the as-prepared zirconia whiskers with length ranging from 4?µm to 8?µm show an average aspect ratio of 25. The obtained ZrO₂ whiskers with monoclinic structure are elongated along [010] direction and exhibit a smooth surface with no distinct defects. The XRD and Raman results reveal that the phase transformation from tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia occurs with the increased crystal size and the water quenching treatment can significantly reduce the content of sodium zirconium phosphate [Na_9–4×Zr_x(PO₄)₃] in the final product. The growth mechanism of zirconia whiskers is supposed to be a dissolution-precipitation process. Since the sodium zirconium phosphate [Na_9–4×Zr_x(PO₄)₃] effectively promotes the dissolution of zirconia in liquid molten salt, zirconia can grow into zirconia whiskers according to its anisotropy.     

碳化锆陶瓷有机前驱体的热解过程

合成了碳化锆陶瓷有机前驱体，研究了其在热解过程中化学成分和物相组成变化，探讨了从有机高分子向无机陶瓷转化的机理，对碳热还原反应进行了热力学分析。结果表明，前驱体在600℃以下完成了有机结构的断裂、裂解碎片的重排与挥发，600℃以上裂解产物不再具备有机特征；随热解温度升高，无定型碳和单斜相ZrO2逐渐生成，大于1200℃时可检测到立方相ZrC，1400℃时单斜相ZrO2基本消失；1500℃时完成碳热还原反应，在远低于热力学反应温度的条件下生成了高度结晶的纳米尺寸的立方相碳化锆陶瓷。     

地震约束建模的强非均质碳酸盐岩储层波阻抗反演

塔里木盆地深部碳酸盐岩储层以次生溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主，空间分布具有极强的非均质性。传统的"相控建模"、"岩溶建模"和"碳酸盐岩储层相控建模"方法均不能准确刻画储层分布特征。为此，提出地震约束建模方法：首先基于线性反演去除资料的AVO效应获得纯纵波数据，然后结合测井信息计算相对波阻抗，并进一步转化为绝对波阻抗属性定量质控波阻抗反演质量。采用的建模方法本质上属于确定性建模，流程包括纯纵波数据提取、相对阻抗计算、振幅约束低频建模、波阻抗反演等。ZG8井区的实例分析证实：基于纯纵波振幅约束建模的反演方法可以避免传统插值建模方法受井资料影响大的局限，克服了常规融合层速度等建模方法精度不高的缺陷，准确反演了强非均质储层的分布规律。     

退火温度对新型锆合金薄板带材析出相和织构的影响

采用扫描电镜和超高分辨透射电镜,对具有良好冲制性能的新型锆合金薄板成品带材进行含晶粒、第二相粒子等在内的显微组织研究,并探索真空退火处理条件下温度对带材显微组织的影响。结果显示:新型锆合金薄板成品带材晶粒平均尺寸2.17 μm,存在{0001}<1010>和{0001}<1120>两种织构,大部分晶粒<1120>平行带材RD方向,较少晶粒<1010>平行带材RD方向;第二相粒子分布在晶粒内部及晶界,平均尺寸114 nm,尺寸较大的为不规则椭圆形的Zr-Nb-Fe相,尺寸较小的为圆形的β-Nb相;热处理退火温度降低,带材晶粒尺寸减小,第二相粒子细小弥散分布;新型锆合金薄板成品带材良好冲制性能主要源于轧制积累应变诱发再结晶过程进行充分,导致晶粒细小及孪晶发生破碎;相对轧制变形,退火对带材冲制性能影响不显著。     

纯棉织物的醚化2D树脂成衣免烫整理

为探索醚化2D树脂对纯棉织物抗皱整理的可行性和最佳工艺设置,设计正交试验探究醚化2D树脂、催化剂、保护剂、柔软剂在成衣免烫技术中的应用工艺,确定最佳工艺为醚化2D树脂F-AP质量浓度150 g/L、催化剂FM质量浓度40 g/L、保护剂HDP质量浓度35 g/L、柔软剂NUP质量浓度15 g/L。应用SPSS统计分析软件对4种助剂对棉织物的抗皱整理效果做显著性检验,结果表明:相对另外3种助剂,醚化2D树脂对棉织物的抗皱整理效果影响最为显著。重点分析了醚化2D树脂对整理后织物性能的影响,发现醚化2D树脂质量浓度超过160 g/L时,棉纤维与树脂的反应呈现饱和,使棉织物折皱回复角和断裂强力变化趋缓,过多的树脂残留使纱线间的摩擦力增加,对织物抗撕破起负效果。     

不同方法发酵的酸豆角品质对比分析

本文将研究不同方法发酵的酸豆角品质对比分析。选取质地嫩脆、条形均匀、无病虫害的新鲜豆角为泡制原料。采用自然干法发酵、自然湿法发酵与纯种湿法发酵的发酵方法制作酸豆角。检测发酵过程中，pH值、还原糖含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、亚硝酸盐含量以及氨基酸态氮含量，分析纯种湿法发酵与自然湿法发酵对酸豆角品质的影响。结果表明：纯种湿法发酵25 d后，其pH值和还原糖含量分别为3.92、0.03%，均高于自然湿法发酵；总酸、总糖、亚硝酸盐含量、氨基酸态氮含量分别为0.25%、0.04%、0.01 mg/kg和0.01%，均低于自然湿法发酵。另外，纯种湿法发酵酸豆角的甲氧基乙酸含量为0.37%，乙酸乙酯为0.51%，含水量为81.15%，感官评分为45.52，均高于自然干法发酵。纯种湿法发酵对酸豆角品质的效果最好，亚硝酸盐的含量在发酵后期显著降低，感官评分较高，对豆角工业化生产提供了较好的参考价值。     

某能源公司安全管理效率评价

某能源股份有限公司是我国上市煤炭公司,为评价其安全管理效率,采用数据包络(DEA)分析方法,以员工人数、资产总额、安全生产费为投入指标,以原煤产量、百万吨煤死亡率为产出指标,对其2007—2018年间的安全管理效率进行了评价。结果显示,某能源公司在研究期间的安全管理效率较为低下,但近5年来有提升的趋势,2018年安全管理实现DEA有效;安全管理无效的主要原因为纯技术效率和规模效率低下。为提高安全管理效率,该企业应在安全投入资源的匹配性和安全投入规模的合理性两个方面采取针对性措施。     

基于BP神经网络的条带刚凸特征回弹预测

为了研究核燃料组件格架的条带刚凸特征的回弹量与压边力、冲压速度、凸凹模间隙、摩擦系数等冲压工艺参数之间的关系,首先,获取包含50个GA拉丁超立方抽样的数据点以及10个随机抽样的数据点的数据集,前者作为训练集、后者作为测试集。将前者输入到BP神经网络进行训练,后者验证训练模型的精度。最后,通过响应面图研究各因素之间的交互作用以及各因素的敏感程度。结果表明:BP神经网络能够有效预测刚凸回弹量与冲压工艺参数之间的关系,相对于其他因素,压边力对回弹量的影响特别明显,冲压速度对回弹量的影响不明显,但与凸凹模间隙和摩擦系数有明显的交互作用。     

Diffuse reflectance behavior of the printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics treated with zirconium and cerium dioxide and citric acid in near- and short-wave IR radiation spectral ranges

Near- and short-wave IR emission spectra of printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics coated with inorganic compounds in order to tune their diffuse reflectance behavior to the ones with woodland and desert backgrounds are investigated. In this regard, cotton/nylon blend fabrics printed with a four-color digital pattern were used as the substrate, and different concentrations of zirconium and cerium dioxide (ZrO₂ and CeO₂) with and without citric acid as a cross-linker were loaded on these fabrics using the pad-dry-cure method. The diffuse reflectance of the coated fabrics with various concentrations of nanoparticles and a cross-linker was first measured by near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Then, fabrics with an optimum concentration of nanoparticles and appropriate reflectivity profiles similar to woodland and desert were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), washing, and rubbing fastness properties. In general, NIR and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance of fabrics coated with ZrO₂ and CeO₂ nanoparticles in range of 1% to 1.5% (w/v [%]) was suitable for matching with different environments. According to the findings obtained from the durability test, it was concluded that the washing fastness of the treated fabrics with CeO₂ nanoparticles was excellent in both environments. FE-SEM images of the treated fabrics containing ZrO₂ and CeO₂ indicated that the presence of nanoparticles on the surface of fabrics in woodland patterns was greater than the desert ones. However, the coated fabrics with CeO₂ and citric acid in the woodland pattern have shown better dispersion with a mean particle size of 30 to 60 nm.     

Phase evolution and microstructure of new Sr0.5Zr2(PO4)3-NdPO4 composite ceramics prepared by one-step microwave sintering

Sodium Zirconium Phosphate (NaZr₂(PO₄)₃, hereinafter NZP) and monazite are both potential materials for immobilization of nuclear waste. In this work, novel (1-x)Sr_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃-xNdPO₄ composite ceramics (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) for simultaneously immobilizing the simulated fission product (FP) Sr and trivalent minor actinide (MA) Nd were prepared by one-step microwave sintering technique, in which Sr and Nd were immobilized into NZP and monazite type structures, respectively. The phase evolution and microstructure of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and backscattering scanning electron microscopy (BSE). The results showed that the expected composite ceramics were successfully obtained by one-step microwave sintering at 1050 °C for 2 h. The as-prepared samples consisted of Sr_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃ and NdPO₄ phases, and the content of the two phases varied regularly as x changed, generally conforming to the designed nominal chemical composition. Importantly, the composite ceramics presented the homogenous and dense microstructure. The relative density of the composite ceramics was more than 95%, meanwhile, the Vickers-hardness of the samples was higher than 600 MPa. It was indicated that NZP-monazite type composite ceramics could be a potential matrix for the simultaneous immobilization of actinide and fission product.