Investigation on high-temperature mechanical properties of Al–7Si–0.6Mg alloy by wire + arc additive manufacturing

The room temperature and high temperature tensile properties of Al–7Si–0.6Mg alloy prepared by wire arc additive manufacturing have been investigated. The results show that the strengthening phase gradually coarsens and the eutectic silicon phase does not grow and agglomerate, meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy gradually decrease with the increase of temperature. The high-temperature properties of the alloy are better than that of cast alloy. With the increase of temperature, the fracture of the alloy changes from ductile transgranular fracture to intergranular fracture.     

Decision-based process planning for wire and arc additively manufactured and machined parts

The conventional manufacturing of aircraft components is based on the machining from bulk material and the buy-to-fly ratio is high. This, in combination with the often low machinability of the materials in use, leads to high manufacturing costs. To reduce the production costs for these components, a process chain was developed, which consists of an additive manufacturing process and a machining process. To fully utilize the process chain’s capabilities, an integrated process planning approach is necessary. As a result, the work sequence can be optimized to achieve the economically most suitable sequence. In this paper, a method for a joint manufacturing cost calculation and subsequent decision-based cost minimization is proposed for the wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) & milling process chain. Furthermore, the parameters’ influence on the results and the magnitude of their influence are determined. These results make it possible to design an economically optimal work sequence and to automate the process planning for this process chain.     

电弧增材制造GH3039组织和性能研究

镍基高温合金GH3039广泛地应用于航空发动机燃烧室等零部件。采用增材制造技术制备GH3039部件可以克服其加工性能差、材料利用率低等问题。本研究首次采用基于熔化极气体保护焊的电弧增材制造（GMAW-WAAM）技术制备了GH3039薄壁件。利用光学显微镜（OM）、显微硬度仪和拉伸试验分析了薄壁构件的组织和性能。结果表明，采用GMAW-WAAM制备的GH3039构件组织致密，无气孔或裂纹等缺陷。合金的显微组织主要由高度方向生长的粗大柱状晶和层间细小晶粒构成。沉积态合金具有较好的室温和高温性能：室温抗拉强度520~540MPa，断后延伸率36~40%； 800°C抗拉强度189MPa，断后延伸率35.4%。本研究验证了采用GMAW-WAAM技术制备GH3039部件的可行性。     

电弧增材制造(WAAM)ZL114A铝合金组织与性能的研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能试验机等分析测试手段,研究了电弧增材制造工艺方法对ZL114A铝合金组织与性能的影响。与传统铸造成形方法相比,铸态组织具有更小的枝晶间距、Si相细小分布均匀;化学成分可有效控制;T6热处理后,Si相球化充分,第二相弥散分布在α-Al基体上,力学性能显著提升,抗拉强度、屈服强度及延伸率分为360MPa、315MPa、7.5%,延伸率是砂型铸造试样的2.1倍,拉伸断口呈现韧性断裂特征。WAAM成形试样缺陷主要为小于30μm的气孔,经过热处理后气孔数量减少,尺寸有变大趋势。     

5A06铝合金TIG丝材-电弧增材制造工艺

选用Φ1.2mm的5A06铝焊丝为成形材料,研究TIG丝材-电弧增材制造工艺。以TIG焊机为电源(交流模式),以四轴联动数控机床为运动机构,研究单层和多层成形时预热温度和电流对成形形貌的影响,观察成形件微观组织,并测试其力学性能。建立了单层单道基板预热温度和电弧峰值电流工艺规范带判据,以保证良好成形。结果表明:成形件的高度从第一层的3.4mm急剧下降,直到第8层后高度稳定在1.7mm。层间组织为细小的树枝晶和等轴晶;层间结合处组织最粗大,为柱状树枝晶;顶部组织最细小,由细小的树枝晶转变为等轴晶。成形件的力学性能各向同性,抗拉强度为295MPa,伸长率为36%。     

固溶时效处理对4043铝合金沉积层组织与性能的影响

目的 研究CMT增材制造的4043铝合金在固溶时效处理后的组织与性能变化规律。方法 利用基于冷金属过渡技术的金属丝材增材制造方法制造出4043铝合金试件,采用金相组织观察、硬度测试、室温拉伸性能测试、能谱分析等手段,观察并测试固溶时效处理后4043铝合金沉积层的组织与性能。结果 增材制造的沉积层与母材间的成分分布不均匀,Al多以树枝状晶形式存在,共晶Si以片状形式存在,固溶时效处理能够使沉积层内共晶Si聚集,元素扩散均匀。在540 ℃下固溶处理2 h、180 ℃下时效处理8 h后,性能提升最为明显。结论 使用增材制造方式制造零件后,可采用固溶时效处理的方式改善组织、提高性能,从而扩大使用范围。     

A review on wire arc additive manufacturing: Monitoring,control and a framework of automated system

Wire arc additive manufacturing technology (WAAM) has become a very promising alternative to high-value large metal components in many manufacturing industries. Due to its long process cycle time and arc-based deposition, defect monitoring, process stability and control are critical for the WAAM system to be used in the industry. Although major progress has been made in process development, path slicing and programming, and material analysis, a comprehensive process monitoring, and control system are yet to be developed. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of sensing and control design suitable for a WAAM system, including technologies developed for the generic Arc Welding process, the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing process and laser Additive Manufacturing. Particular focus is given to the integration of sensor-based feedback control, and how they could be implemented into the WAAM process to improve its accuracy, reliability, and efficiency. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for sensor-based monitoring and control system for the GMAW based WAAM process. This framework provides a blueprint for the monitoring and control strategies during the WAAM process and aims to identify and reduce defects using information fusion techniques.     

CMT成型TC4-DT合金的组织及其形成机理的CET模型预测

采用冷金属过渡模式(Cold Metal Transfer, CMT)的同轴送丝电弧熔丝增材制造技术制备了TC4-DT钛合金直壁墙试块,对其高低倍组织及其形成机理进行了研究,使用3D-Rosenthal模型对其凝固过程进行了模拟计算。低倍组织表明,弧形热影响区为细等轴晶,堆积区底层为细柱状晶区,中层和顶层为等轴晶与短柱状晶的混合。这种组织,与电子束熔丝和旁轴送丝电弧熔丝的粗大柱状晶组织有明显的不同;堆积区的高倍组织以编织状的α相板条为主,在部分原始β晶界可见连续的晶界α相和集束状α相板条,且有热影响层界线,与电子束熔丝和旁轴送丝电弧熔丝的高倍组织接近。模拟计算的结果表明,熔池边界的最大温度梯度约为12652.6 K/cm,最大凝固速度约为1.5 cm/s,该凝固条件处于柱状晶-等轴晶转变(Columnar-Equiaxed Transformation, CET)模型中的混合组织区;根据计算结果,提高输入功率(P)和焊枪移动速度(V)可促进等轴晶的生成,当P>153 W、V>3.2 mm/s时可得到柱状晶与等轴晶混合的低倍组织,且晶粒尺寸随着V的增大呈减小的趋势。     

A review of wire arc additive manufacturing and advances in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium

Although wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has proven its capability of fulfilling demands of production of medium-to-large-scale components for automotive and allied sectors made up of aluminium, at present, WAAM cannot be applied as a fully fledged manufacturing process because of practical challenges such as under-matched mechanical properties, the presence of large residual stresses and mandatory post-deposition operation for the formed component. This paper is a review of WAAM technology including a brief of WAAM history, status, advantages and constraints of the WAAM field. A focus is provided including the efforts directed towards the reduction of porosity, tensile properties, microstructural investigations and other valuable advancements in the field of WAAM of aluminium.

This review was submitted as part of the 2018 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.     

Phase stability and mechanical properties of wire+arc additively manufactured H13 tool steel at elevated temperatures

Wire+arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)is considered an innovative technology that can change the manufacturing landscape in the near future.WAAM offers the benefits of inexpensive initial system setup and a high deposition rate for fabricating medium-and large-sized parts such as die-casting tools.In this study,AISI H13 tool steel,a popular die-casting tool metal,is manufactured by cold metal transfer(CMT)-based WAAM and is then comprehensively analyzed for its microstructural and mechanical properties.Location-dependent phase combinations are observed,which could be explained by nonequilibrium thermal cycles that resulted from the layer-by-layer stacking mechanism used in WAAM.In addition,remelting and reheating of the layers reduces welding anomalies(e.g.,pores and voids).The metallurgical characteristics of the H13 strongly correlate with the mechanical properties.The combinations of phases at different locations of the additively manufactured part exhibit a periodic microhardness profile.Martensite,Retained Austenite,Ferrite,and Carbide phases are found in combination at different locations of the part based on the part’s temperature distribution during additive deposition.Moreover,the tensile properties at elevated temperatures(23℃,300℃,and 600℃)are comparable to those from other WAAM and additive manufacturing(AM)processes.The X-ray diffraction results verify that the microstructural stability of the fabricated parts at high temperatures would allow them to be used in high temperatures.