Effect of microstructural features on the corrosion behavior of severely deformed Al–Mg–Si alloy

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of severe plastic deformation processing and the changes in microstructure resulting therefrom on the corrosion resistance of an Al–Mg–Si alloy. The alloy was processed using incremental equal channel angular pressing, which caused a reduction in grain size from 15 to 0.9 µm. The grain refinement was accompanied by an increase in the number of grain boundaries and dislocations, and by changes in grain orientation. However, there was no change in the size and number of intermetallic particles, which presumably resulted in a constant number of galvanic couplings. Electrochemical experiments revealed only slight differences between the samples before and after processing. Higher potential transients/oscillations upon immersion and increased corrosion currents in the vicinity of corrosion potential point to slightly higher reactivity of the most refined material. This indicates that intermetallic particles are the most crucial microstructural elements in terms of corrosion resistance. Their impact exceeds that of grain boundaries, in particular, at the stage of corrosion initiation. The development of corrosion attack is controlled more by the microstructure of the matrix as the grain refinement resulted in a less pronounced corrosion attack in comparison with the coarse-grained sample.     

Localized corrosion of (lean) duplex stainless steels in immersion units of urban wastewater treatment plants

With lower alloying cost and higher mechanical properties, lean duplex stainless steels can be an alternative to the more commonly used austenitic stainless steels. However, these alloys are still not the preferred choice, probably due to a lack of field experience. A study was thus initiated in view of defining the limits of use of selected (lean) duplexes for urban wastewater treatment units. The present paper shows the localized corrosion performance of selected lean duplexes in chloride contaminated solutions. The results are compared with austenitic S30403 and S31603 and with the more standard duplexes S82441 and S32205. The effect of welding was also investigated. Exposures in field municipal wastewater plants were conducted for 1 year in low and high chloride content units. The results show that lean duplexes S32101 and S32202 can be used as alternatives to S30403 and S31603 in low chloride electrolytes. At 500 ppm of chloride content, duplex stainless steel S32304 showed better corrosion resistance than S30403 and S31603. For higher chloride contents (1000 ppm and above) the standard duplexes S82441 and S32205 shall be preferred.     

Electrochemical noise (EN) technique: review of recent practical applications to corrosion electrochemistry research

The ability to analyze different electrochemical corrosion phenomena, in–situ, without requiring any form of electrode perturbation has strongly attracted the attention of corrosion researchers towards the application of electrochemical noise (EN) analysis method. With the ability to analyze stochastic and chaotic electrode potential and current fluctuations at E_OCP, the EN analysis method is capable of providing information about the kinetics and mechanism of metallic corrosion with accuracy that can match conventional electrochemical techniques. Herein, we review the recent applications of EN analysis method to electrochemical corrosion research. We discuss briefly the theory behind the measurement of EN, and then highlight some of its application in the evaluation of corrosion inhibitors, pitting corrosion, coatings on metals, microbiologically–induced corrosion, as well as CO₂–corrosion. The drawbacks of the EN analysis method have also been highlighted and future considerations on the use of this important electrochemical technique have also been proposed.     

A double‐mode cell to measure pitting and crevice corrosion

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion of passivated steels were measured by using a double‐mode syringe electrolyte cell built on an environment chamber. The setup, when set in noncontact mode, could measure pitting potentials and critical temperatures, and crevice corrosion potentials if in contact mode. It could be employed to distinguish the pitting and crevice corrosion damage of reinforcing steel in concrete.     

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of X65 steel induced by iron‐oxidizing bacteria in the seawater environment

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of iron‐oxidizing bacteria (IOB) on X65 steel in seawater are studied. This study uses the methods of weight loss, electrochemical measurements, and surface analysis. The results show that the IOB increases the corrosion damage degree of steel. Pittings are observed in the medium with IOB. The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the anodic reaction rate is accelerated in the corrosion process of IOB. The synergies in corrosion between the metal surface, abiotic corrosion products, and bacterial cells, and the pitting corrosion mechanism of X65 steel are discussed.     

Corrosion behavior of under‐, peak‐, and over‐aged 6063 alloy: A comparative study

The mechanical property of age‐hardenable Al‐alloys is governed by the state of ageing, which determines the microstructure and consequently, their corrosion behavior which is a vital aspect for a number of applications. This article presents a comparative assessment of corrosion behavior of under‐, peak‐ and over‐aged Al‐Mg‐Si alloy. Corrosion characteristics have been determined via immersion tests in 0.1 M ortho‐phosphoric acid solution and intergranular corrosion (IGC) tests. Corroded surfaces are examined by field emission scanning electron micrographs‐energy dispersive spectroscopy and 3D optical profilometer. The obtained results reveal that the corrosion rate at a specific immersion time as well as the depth of IGC increases in the order for under‐, peak‐, and over‐aged states. Irrespective of the state of ageing, corrosion loss increases linearly but the rate of corrosion decreases rapidly with increasing immersion time. The dominant mode of corrosion in under‐aged alloy is identified as localized pitting, while peak‐aged is highly susceptible to IGC in contrast extensive pitting corrosion is observed for over‐aged alloy. The observed differences in corrosion behavior are explained considering characteristics of precipitates. Formation of β (Mg₂Si) in case of over‐aged alloy and presence of inclusions like AlFeMnSi particles are found to accelerate pitting corrosion.     

Development of microbially influenced corrosion on carbon steel in a simulated water injection system

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) on internal pipeline surfaces has become a severe problem during the water injection process in secondary oil recovery. The formation of a biofilm, normally dominated by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), is believed to be the critical step of the MIC process. A continuously fed biofilm simulating the water injection process was operated to investigate the influence of biofilm development on MIC behavior in the early phase of corrosion development. The development of the corrosion product film and biofilm was monitored for 5 months with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, scanning electron microscopy, 3D optical profiling, and direct weight measurement. MIC development was found to comprise three phases: initialization, transition, and stabilization. The initialization phase involved the formation of the corrosion product layer and the initial attachment of the sessile microbes on metal surface. In the transition phase, the MIC process gradually shifted from charge‐transfer‐controlled reaction to diffusion‐controlled reaction. The stabilization phase featured mature and compact biofilm on the metal surface, and the general corrosion rate (CR) decreased due to the diffusional effect, while the pitting CR was enhanced at a lower carbon source level, which supported the mechanism of direct electron uptake from the metal surface by SRB.     

模拟地面集输环境下温度对2205双相钢均匀腐蚀及点蚀行为的影响

针对油气集输管线在CO2和含高浓度的Cl-地层水环境中易发生腐蚀失效的问题，通过腐蚀失重试验和电化学测试分析，研究了2205双相不锈钢在高分压CO2+高矿化度+高浓度Cl-地层水集输管线环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟油田集输管线环境中，升温引起的2205双相不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率基本不变，整体表现为轻度腐蚀，但由于Cl-的存在，2205双相钢在50 ℃和70 ℃时出现明显的点蚀坑形貌；2205双相钢在3种测试温度下的阳极极化曲线存在明显的钝化区，随着温度的升高，2205双相钢的点蚀电位先升高、再下降，在30~50 ℃，存在一个临界点蚀温度CPT；交流阻抗图谱在50 ℃和70 ℃分别表现出了点蚀诱导期和点蚀发展期的特征。     

Corrosion behaviour of AA2024 aluminium alloy in different tempers in NaCl solution and with the CeCl3 corrosion inhibitor

The paper analyses the corrosion behaviour of naturally and artificially aged AA2024 alloy in NaCl solution and in the presence of an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor, CeCl₃. On the basis of the values of polarisation resistance and corrosion current density, the corrosion resistance of the protective inhibitor film is established as well as the general corrosion resistance of this aluminium alloy. Resistance to pit formation is determined based on the difference in pitting and corrosion potentials while resistance to pit growth is determined based on the amount of charge consumed during pit growth. A scanning electron microscope is used to examine the morphology of the pits formed during the pitting corrosion testing, as well as to determine the cerium content on intermetallic particles and the matrix AA2024 alloy. The corrosion behaviour of AA2024 alloy is investigated after different test periods in NaCl solution and in the same solution with the CeCl₃ inhibitor. The corrosion resistance of both tempers of AA2024 alloy is more than one order of magnitude higher in the presence of CeCl₃. An explanation of the observed differences in the corrosion behaviour of the naturally and artificially aged AA2024 alloy is proposed. Different corrosion behaviour of the alloy after different test periods is also explained.     

合金元素对铝合金在泰国曼谷地区初期腐蚀行为的影响

在泰国曼谷地区对5083、6063和7020 3种铝合金进行为期1 a的暴晒实验,采用SEM、电化学实验、XPS和扫描Kelvin探针显微镜(SKPFM)对3种铝合金初期腐蚀形貌及腐蚀机理进行研究。结果表明:6063铝合金中Mg、Si、Fe等合金元素含量较少,腐蚀电位相对较高,约为-0.66 V (vs SCE),腐蚀产物膜较为致密,耐蚀性较好,在泰国曼谷地区的腐蚀速率约为0.7 g/(m^2·a)。7020铝合金含有较多Mg、Zn等合金元素,腐蚀电位约为-0.78 V (vs SCE),腐蚀最为严重,腐蚀速率约为3.26 g/(m^2·a)。3种铝合金均含有Mn、Si、Fe等合金元素,从而形成Fe-Si-Al或Fe-Si(Mn)-Al第二相,第二相表面电位高于基体225~280 mV,在大气环境中第二相作为阴极相,周围的基体Al优先溶解脱落,成为点蚀坑。