Dynamic globularization prediction during cogging process of large size TC11 titanium alloy billet with lamellar structure

The flow behavior and dynamic globularization of TCll titanium alloy during subtransus deformation are investigated through hot compression tests. A constitutive model is established based on physical-based hardening model and phenomenological softening model. And based on the recrystallization mechanisms of globularization, the Avrami type kinetics model is established for prediction of globularization fraction and globularized grain size under large strain subtransus deformation of TC11 alloy. As the preliminary application of the previous results, the cogging process of large size TCI 1 alloy billet is simulated. Based on subroutine development of the DEFORM software, the coupled simulation of one fire cogging process is developed. It shows that the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results in forging load and microstructure characteristic, which validates the reliability of the developed FEM subroutine models.     

热轧TC21板材中α相形貌的演变

研究了具有片层α组织TC21钛合金在β和α+β相区热轧制后的组织演变规律及其片层组织的球化机制。结果表明:变形温度及应变对具有片层α组织的TC21钛合金断裂及球化具有显著影响。当变形温度为990℃时,在β相区发生变形;当应变不小于0.51时,平行轧向和晶界附近的片层α组织首先发生断裂、球化,晶内片层α组织被压弯变形;当在接近相变点(即950℃)变形,应变达到0.92时,片层α组织发生球化;当在两相区较低温度,即910℃和870℃变形时,片层α取向杂乱,且被压弯成手风琴状,未发现球化。TEM观察分析发现,具有α片层组织的TC21钛合金球化过程是一个复杂过程,首先,通过动态回复或是晶界滑移使得α片层中形成α/α界面;然后,β相通过亚晶界楔入α片层,α片层解体;最后,通过物质末端迁移,发生球化。     

Ti-17合金高温变形中的不连续屈服与流变软化研究

本文以原始组织为片状的Ti-17合金为例,研究了不连续屈服和流变软化的机理。结果表明:具有片状组织的Ti-17合金在变形温度超过820℃,应变速率为10 s-1时,出现不连续屈服现象,并随着变形温度和应变速率的增大而更加明显,该现象无法用传统的静态理论(位错钉扎-脱钉)进行合理解释,它符合动态理论,即不连续屈服与晶界突然增殖大量可动位错有关。应变速率较高时,具有明显的流变软化特征,其主要是由温升效应和片状组织球化或片层弯折引起的。     

Hot working behavior of near alpha titanium alloy analyzed by mechanical testing and processing map

The hot deformation characteristics of the Ti−5.7Al−2.1Sn−3.9Zr−2Mo−0.1Si (Ti-6242S) alloy with an acicular starting microstructure were analyzed using processing map. The uniaxial hot compression tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1000 °C and at strain rates of 0.001−1 s⁻¹. The developed processing map was used to determine the safe and unsafe deformation conditions of the alloy in association with the microstructural evolution by SEM and OM. It was recognized that the flow stress revealed differences in flow softening behavior by deformation at 1000 °C compared to the lower deformation temperatures, which was attributed to microstructural changes. The processing map developed for typical strain of 0.7 in two-phase field exhibited high efficiency value of power dissipation of about 55% at 950 °C and 0.001 s⁻¹, basically due to extensive globularization. An increase in strain rate and a decrease in temperature resulted in a decrease in globularization of α lamellae, while α lamellar kinking increased. Eventually, the instability domain of flow behavior was identified in the temperature range of 850−900 °C and at the strain rate higher than 0.01 s⁻¹ reflecting the flow localization and adiabatic shear banding. By considering the power efficiency domains and the microstructural observations, the deformation in the temperature range of 950−1000 °C and strain rate range of 0.001−0.01 s⁻¹ was desirable leading to high efficiencies. It was realized that (950 °C, 0.001 s⁻¹) was the optimum deformation condition for the alloy.     

Static Globularization of TC11 Alloy during Hot Working Process

研究TC11钛合金片层组织在两相区980～850℃,0.001,0.01和0.1s-1应变速率条件下的热变形组织以及在不同温度退火过程中静态组织的演变规律和机制。结果表明,温度较高、应变速率较慢的条件下,动态球化过程进行得较充分,退火组织的球化分数主要取决于变形过程中的动态球化过程;温度较低、应变速率较快的条件下,动态球化过程不能充分进行,则退火后的球化分数取决于变形状态和退火过程中的静态球化过程。α晶粒尺寸则主要取决于退火温度和时间。进一步对比分析动静态球化组织的EBSD测试结果,表明退火静态球化的机制是β相的静态再结晶和α相的静态回复,以及随后的球化和聚集粗化过程。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb (at.%)合金O相层片高温变形动态球化行为

为阐明 Ti2AlNb基合金高温变形过程中O相层片的球化机制及模型,研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb(at.%)合金在(O+B2)和(α2+O+B2)相区压缩变形行为及显微组织演变规律。结果表明,合金的软化行为与O相层片动态球化、45°方向剪切变形失稳及裂纹萌生有关。O相层片在较低温度和较高应变速率下难以球化是由于原子具有较低的扩散速率和较短的扩散时间。O相层片的球化机制主要为层片扭结和剪断,本质上属于动态再结晶行为。建立了合金高温变形本构关系,并计算了变形激活能为831 kJ?mol^(-1) ;对O相层片球化的动力学过程进行了研究,其动力学行为受变形条件影响很大,遵循阿夫拉米曲线方程。     

Forging property,processing map,and mesoscale microstructural evolution modeling of a Ti-17 alloy with a lamellar (α+β) starting microstructure

Abstract

This work identifies microstructural conversion mechanisms during hot deformation (at temperatures ranging from 750 °C to 1050 °C and strain rates ranging from 10^?3 s^?1 to 1 s^?1) of a Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) alloy with a lamellar starting microstructure and establishes constitutive formulae for predicting the microstructural evolution using finite-element analysis. In the α phase, lamellae kinking is the dominant mode in the higher strain rate region and dynamic globularization frequently occurs at higher temperatures. In the β phase, continuous dynamic recrystallization is the dominant mode below the transition temperature, T_β (880~890 °C). Dynamic recovery tends to be more active at conditions of lower strain rates and higher temperatures. At temperatures above T_β, continuous dynamic recrystallization of the β phase frequently occurs, especially in the lower strain rate region. A set of constitutive equations modeling the microstructural evolution and processing map characteristic are established by optimizing the experimental data and were later implemented in the DEFORM-3D software package. There is a satisfactory agreement between the experimental and simulated results, indicating that the established series of constitutive models can be used to reliably predict the properties of a Ti-17 alloy after forging in the (α+β) region.     

TC11钛合金片层组织热变形球化机制

采用TEM、SEM和EBSD等组织分析技术研究了β退火态片层组织TC11钛合金两相区热变形球化过程中组织的精细结构和晶界特征.结果表明,片层组织的球化过程包括α片内小角度晶界形变和回复亚结构的形成、β相沿亚晶界扩散和晶界滑动作用下片层的解体以及晶界扩散和滑动驱动下α晶粒的球化和组织的均匀化.EBSD测试结果揭示了片层组织两相区热变形的球化机制为α相的连续动态再结晶和β相的动态回复或不连续动态再结晶过程.