Nb和时效时间对热轧中锰TRIP钢中P偏聚的影响

热轧态中锰TRIP钢首先经650 ℃退火2 h,随后在550 ℃进行等温时效热处理,采用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)研究该钢中P的偏聚和时效析出行为的变化情况。结果表明,中锰TRIP钢中P在晶界的偏聚是一种非平衡偏聚现象,临界时间约为50 h,与理论计算结果48 h较为吻合。在局部偏聚区域内,C与P存在共偏聚的关系,即P偏聚量高的地方,C含量也高。而合金元素Nb具有抑制P偏聚的效果,在20~70 h时效时间内,可以相对降低6.57%~19.5%的最大P偏聚量。根据电子背散射衍射(EBSD)菊池线分析,P偏聚量低于2.28at%时,P为固溶状态,高于2.28at.%时,P为析出状态。     

Effect of Solute Elements and Cooling Rate on Strain in Brittle Temperature Range of Continuously Cast Strand

A micro-segregation model of solute elements in mushy zone withδ/γtransformation during solidification was established based on the regular hexagon transverse cross section of dendrite shape proposed by finite difference method under the non-equilibrium solidification condition.The model was used to calculate the non-equilibrium pseudo binary Fe-C phase diagram and the strain of steels induced by variation of temperature in brittle temperature range.On the basis of the phase diagram and the strain,the strain curve in brittle temperature range as a function of carbon content for continuously cast strand was introduced and obtained.Solute elements change the position of the strain curve.And cooling rate changes the position and the shape of the strain curve.The comprehensive formula of the strain as functions of solute elements and cooling rate in brittle temperature range has been obtained by nonlinear fitting program.     

Homogeneous non-equilibrium two-phase choked flow modeling

The estimation of the release conditions is critical input to subsequent risk assessment accident analysis. To this respect a new homogeneous non-equilibrium two-phase model is proposed to simulate the depressurization from stagnation conditions leading to the bubbly flow regime. The proposed model, being intermediate between HEM (homogeneous equilibrium) and HFM (homogeneous frozen) models, presents no discontinuity in the liquid phase depressurization path gradient and therefore no discontinuity in sound speed. The proposed model is successfully validated against the NASA hydrogen critical flow experiments and compared against predictions from both HEM and HFM, using hydrogen physical properties from NIST. An increase of the pressure difference between stagnation and the intersection of isentropic with saturation line leads to increase of the choked mass flux, decrease of the throat to stagnation pressure ratio, decrease of the liquid superheat and decrease of the vapor quality. The proposed model was found to overestimate the experimental throat mass fluxes by no more than 10% and underestimate the experimental throat to stagnation pressure ratios by no more than 50%, while predicted liquid superheat values range from 3.8 to 11% of the saturation temperature. Deviations between models were found to increase for low values of the pressure difference parameter, where non-equilibrium effects become more important. Under these conditions the throat mass flux is underestimated by maximum 20% by HEM and overestimated up to 32% by HFM, while the throat to stagnation pressure ratio is overestimated by up to 72% and underestimated by 80% respectively.     

基于平衡态和非平衡态分子动力学模拟研究锗烯热导率

利用平衡态和非平衡态分子动力学模拟的方法计算了锗烯的热导率。首先,应用平衡态方法模拟了锗烯的热导率并进一步计算了热导率分解的各个分量。与石墨烯不同,锗烯热导率较小且 分量占主导。其次,应用非平衡态方法模拟计算了一系列长度的锗烯热导率,通过拟合得到不依赖长度的收敛热导率。最后,比较平衡态和非平衡态两种模拟方法得到的结果。发现不仅在数值上结果是一致的,而且通过拟合声子群速度将平衡态数据转换为长度依赖关系,也可以与非平衡态数据很好的重合。因此,基于平衡态和非平衡态两种方法应用GPUMD程序模拟计算的锗烯热导率都是有效且等价的。     

铜模喷铸Cu-Zr合金非平衡凝固组织演变行为

采用真空感应熔炼与铜模喷铸相结合,制备出不同成分的Cu_(100-x)Zr_x(x=5,30,50)合金。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析及X射线衍射技术,对比研究了快冷合金的晶粒形貌、元素分布、相组成及类型等组织演化规律。结合差热分析技术研究了合金实时凝固过程。结果表明,随Zr含量增加,非平衡凝固Cu-Zr合金中初生相体积分数不断提高,分别呈现非小平面→小平面→非小平面的转变。由于铜模激冷效应,Cu_(70)Zr_(30)合金中Cu_(51)Zr_(14)+L→Cu_8Zr_3包晶转变与Cu_(50)Zr_(50)合金中CuZr→Cu_(10)Zr_7+CuZr_2共析转变均受到抑制。热分析曲线中未出现包晶相变峰和共析相变峰,合理解释了Cu-Zr合金非平衡组织的形成。     

Numerical Study on Wake Flow Field Characteristic of the Base-Bleed Unit under Fast Depressurization Process

Numerical analyses have been performed to study the influence of fast depressurization on the wake flow field of the base-bleed unit (BBU) with a secondary combustion when the base-bleed projectile is propelled out of the muzzle. Two-dimensional axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for a multi-component chemically reactive system is solved by Fortran program to calculate the couplings of the internal flow field and wake flow field with consideration of the combustion of the base-bleed propellant and secondary combustion effect. Based on the comparison with the experiments, the unsteady variation mechanism and secondary combustion characteristic of wake flow field under fast depressurization process is obtained numerically. The results show that in the fast depressurization process, the variation extent of the base pressure of the BBU is larger in first 0.9 ms and then decreases gradually and after 1.5 ms, it remains basically stable. The pressure and temperature of the base-bleed combustion chamber experience the decrease and pickup process. Moreover, after the pressure and temperature decrease to the lowest point, the phenomenon that the external gases are flowing back into the base-bleed combustion chamber appears. Also, with the decrease of the initial pressure, the unsteady process becomes shorter and the temperature gradient in the base-bleed combustion chamber declines under the fast depressurization process, which benefits the combustion of the base-bleed propellant.     

饱和土体固结压缩和蠕变的热力学本构理论及模型分析

岩土热力学模型（thermodynamic soil model,TSM）是基于颗粒固体的非平衡态热力学理论,建立的一种崭新的描述岩土力学问题的统一理论模型。该模型引入“颗粒熵运动”和“弹性弛豫”,对土体颗粒层次的耗散机制进行了合理地考虑,这些使得模型能够更深入描述土体的变形和能量耗散机理,从而能够在统一理论框架中描述岩土体复杂多变的物理力学行为。基于该理论模型,研究了饱和土体的固结压缩和蠕变问题,分析了加载速率、应力/应变路径和非单调荷载等因素的影响规律。模拟结果表明：模型具有描述复杂条件下的饱和土体的固结压缩和蠕变特性的能力,具有较高的理论和工程应用价值。     

Quantum transport simulations of graphene nanoribbon devices using Dirac equation calibrated with tight-binding π-bond model

We present an efficient approach to study the carrier transport in graphene nanoribbon (GNR) devices using the non-equilibrium Green''s function approach (NEGF) based on the Dirac equation calibrated to the tight-binding π-bond model for graphene. The approach has the advantage of the computational efficiency of the Dirac equation and still captures sufficient quantitative details of the bandstructure from the tight-binding π-bond model for graphene. We demonstrate how the exact self-energies due to the leads can be calculated in the NEGF-Dirac model. We apply our approach to GNR systems of different widths subjecting to different potential profiles to characterize their device physics. Specifically, the validity and accuracy of our approach will be demonstrated by benchmarking the density of states and transmissions characteristics with that of the more expensive transport calculations for the tight-binding π-bond model.     

End Effects in Diagonal Type Nonequilibrium Plasma MHD Generators

The authors investigate the influence of the attenuation of magnetic induction on the current distribution etc. in the end regions of the diagonal type nonequilibrium plasma MHD generator by a two-dimensional analysis. The numerical calculations are made for an example of the cesium-seeded helium. As a result, a suitable attenuation of the magnetic induction can make the current distribution very uniform near the end region of generator duct and has little influence on the current distribution in the central part of generator, and the output electrodes can be used without large ballast resistors. Also the internal resistance of the end region and the current concentration at the output electrode edges decrease with the attenuation of magnetic flux density. By the author's investigation, it is made clear that the output electrodes of the diagonal type nonequilibrium plasma MHD generator should be arranged in the attenuation region of the magnetic induction, since arranging them in the attenuation region of magnetic flux density can become useful for the improvement of the electrical characteristics of generator.     

Relaxation Process of Thermal Non-Equilibrium in Boiling Two-Phase Flow, (I)

The thermo-hydraulics in a thermal non-equilibrium state, which may appear during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident, is one of phenomena which have never been understood enough. In this paper, accelerating boiling two-phase flow is dealt with which realizes thermal non- equilibrium conditions in a steady state in order to clarify the relaxation process of superheated liquid. The following insight is clarified from the results; Jones' model cannot explain the underpressure and relaxation time unless an empirical constant is changed. Therefore, the effect of interfacial area density on the macroscopic relaxation inception is experimentally investigated by adding artificially bubbles in accelerating boiling two-phase flow in order to offer a fundamental data base for modeling the relaxation process of superheated liquid. It is made clear that the macroscopic relaxation inception can be evaluated by a relationship between the integration of liquid superheating by the travelling time and the initial interfacial area density.