ZnO·2.7Al2O3 nanocomposite with high optical transparency

Here we report a transparent dual-phase ZnO·2.7Al₂O₃ ceramic. The composite is pore-free and consists of thin nanosheets with a spinel phase and a hexagonal phase, while the two phases match closely in both lattice and refractive index. Such features result in excellent optical transmittance (maximum value >80% in the visible spectrum) at comparable phase volume. This work may provide a new thought for the rational structural design of optical nanocomposites.     

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e. allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens. The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand (Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36 °C to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing (in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure (including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in 15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust, bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.     

Model of reactive precipitation process of preparation nano-ZnO in rotating packed bed: Contribution ratio

With excellent micromixing characteristic of rotating packed bed (RPB), many nanoparticles with small average size, narrower distribution and good morphology had been successfully and continuously prepared. To reveal complex crystal process, an empirical model were developed to simulate nano-ZnO by considering mass changed, population balance equation, growth rate G, nucleation rate B, drop sizes D_i, and resident time t. The predicted particle sizes were shown good agreement with experimental data with error of ±10%. Therefore, it was further adopted to predict the effects of rotating speed, liquid flow rate and reactant concentration on the mean particle size. To look more deeply insight in this process, their contribution ratios were further analyzed. The proposed empirical models were of great helpful to obtain suitable operation conditions for preparing much better properties of nanoparticles with fewer experiments. It was also beneficial to produce other nanoparticles in RPB.     

基于三种干旱指标的朝阳市干旱特征分析

旱灾具有出现频率高、持续时间长、波及范围广等特点，本文运用降水距平百分率、Z指数、SPI标准化降水指数，对朝阳地区50a（1969～2018）干旱特征进行分析。结果表明：Z指数与SPI标准化降水指标得到的朝阳地区干旱特征情况基本一致，能较好地反映出该地区的干旱特征，朝阳地区1969～2018年自然灾害频繁发生，严重干旱年份主要集中在1980、1981、1982 年，与实际相符。     

混菌矿化增强再生粗骨料的物理力学性能

为克服单一微生物培养成本高且矿化鲁棒性不足的缺陷，提出了一种混菌矿化增强再生粗骨料物理力学性能的方法.通过筛选矿化效率较高的好氧嗜碱混菌，考察了混菌矿化对再生粗骨料物理力学性能和混凝土抗压强度的影响.结果表明：相同增强时间下，混菌比纯菌呈现出更优异的矿化增强效果；随着混菌矿化增强时间的延长，再生粗骨料吸水率和压碎指标呈现出先减小后增大的趋势，最优增强时间为15 d；采用矿化增强再生粗骨料制备的再生混凝土抗压强度提高幅度达到22.1%.     

膜分离与醇沉技术纯化猴头菇粗多糖的比较

研究膜分离和醇沉两种技术对猴头菇粗多糖分离效果及其抗氧化活性的影响。以猴头菇子实体为原料,通过热水浸提后分别用醇沉、纳滤、纳滤+醇沉、微滤+纳滤、微滤+纳滤+醇沉5种方法得到猴头菇粗多糖,分别记为A-He P、B-He P、C-He P、D-He P和E-He P。比较5种方法对猴头菇粗多糖的分离纯化效果、理化性质和抗氧化活性的差异。结果表明,微滤+纳滤技术分离纯化效果较好,其粗多糖得率为10.08%,纯度为43.01%,提取液中80.34%的多糖得到保留。经傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,5种工艺处理获得的粗多糖样品均具有典型的吡喃型葡聚糖和β-型糖苷键吸收峰。5种处理获得的粗多糖样品中均含一定量的蛋白质,且B-He P的蛋白质量分数高于C-He P,说明微滤处理可以除去部分蛋白而提高多糖的纯度。还原力、·OH、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐阳离子自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除结果表明,5种粗多糖样品均具有一定的抗氧化能力,且D-He P的抗氧化能力最佳。     

Mid-scale biocemented soil columns via enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP)

Biocemented soil columns were created at a reduced scale (mid-scale) using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) as a prelude to field scale deployment. Approximately 0.3 m diameter × 0.75 m long columns were created using a tube-à-manchette grouting technique in 0.6 m × 0.6 m × 1.2 m boxes filled with a dry washed quarry sand. Treatment solution composition and treatment protocol, including number of cycles of treatment and time interval between cycles, were established based upon laboratory testing. The urease enzyme used in the treatment solution was extracted from jack beans in a just-in-time manner on site. The biocemented soil columns were characterized in situ using shear wave velocity, needle penetrometer and pocket penetrometer testing, dimensional measurements, and by unconfined compression strength (UCS) and carbonate content measurements on specimens recovered from the columns. The in situ measurements indicated the target UCS of 500 kPa was achieved. However, the UCS tests on recovered specimens had inconsistent results, which may be attributed to sample disturbance. Overall, the results demonstrate that EICP is a viable method for creating biocemented soil columns for ground improvement.     

液相沉淀-煅烧法制备大粒径球形四氧化三钴

以硫酸钴为原料,碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,采用液相沉淀法合成了大粒径球形碳酸钴,考察了不同晶种量、pH和硫酸钴溶液流量对碳酸钴形貌、粒度分布、振实密度和硫元素质量分数的影响,并探究了碳酸钴的生长机理。通过分步煅烧,并设置不同升温时间使碳酸钴热分解,得出优化四氧化三钴理化指标的煅烧条件。结果表明,当晶种量为2 kg,pH在7.2～7.5,硫酸钴溶液流量为500 mL/h时,采用分段式热分解碳酸钴,各温区按统一时间(60 min)升温,所得四氧化三钴形貌为球形,中值粒径为16.52μm,振实密度达2.26 g/cm3。     

球形碳酸钙的控制合成研究

以硼酸为控制剂，氯化钙和碳酸钠为原料，采用共沉淀法制备了方解石型碳酸钙球形晶体。研究了控制剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间、反应物浓度等因素对碳酸钙粒径和形貌的影响。结果表明：在硼酸浓度为0.4 mol/L、氯化钙浓度为0.1 mol/L、20 ℃饱和碳酸钠溶液滴速为4.9 mL/min、反应时间为60 min、陈化时间为60 min、反应温度为50 ℃、氯化钙与碳酸钠物质的量比为1∶1条件下，制备的球形碳酸钙颗粒大小均匀，平均粒径为1.57 μm。