Advancing controlled release packaging through smart blending

Researchers from Rutgers University and Clemson University have collaborated to develop a concept of using smart blending to generate functional packaging films for the controlled release of active compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants and flavour compounds to extend the shelf‐life of food. In this paper, literature results are reviewed to justify the significance of controlled release packaging (CRP) and the research gaps for further development are identified. A major research gap is the lack of packaging materials that can provide the release of active compounds at rates suitable for a wide range of food packaging applications. Smart blending is a promising technology for bridging this research gap. To fully realize the potentials of smart blending, a systematic approach for developing CRP using smart blending is also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

液流混合处理对半固态A357浆料组织的影响

研究了用液流混合方法(CRP)制备A357半固态浆料时,液流混合、熔体温度和反应器温度等因素对浆料组织的影响。试验结果表明,熔体经过反应器的强制混合后,形成的半固态浆料内部初生相呈细小的近球状,与未经处理的浆料组织相比有显著差异。而低的熔体温度和反应器温度(熔体温度不高于640℃,反应器温度低于300℃)有利于减小初生相尺寸,促进其形成近球状。进一步的分析表明液流混合影响了金属熔体的形核与生长过程,进而改变了凝固组织。     

可复用公文流转设计模型

根据当前我国电子政务建设中公文流转存在的需求多变等特点,介绍了如何在公文流转设计中应用类继承、合成复用原则和管道与过滤器体系结构模式,探讨并提供了一个灵活的、可复用的设计模型.     

基于多处理器数据库系统的查询调度算法

提出一种多重查询调度算法——连续读取特性（CRP）调度算法,该算法应用连续读取特性,使查询的数据可以重组出某些连续关系,从而使之具有连续读取特性,解决了现有算法中有部分系统资源闲置的问题,提高查询速度。仿真实验结果表明,CRP调度算法的系统利用率和系统性能均优于其他算法。     

一种有效的转换波静校正方法

转换波技术由于具有常规P波勘探无法相比拟的优点而成为当前地震勘探中的一门新技术。而静校正在转换波勘探中是处理的重点和难点。为此很多学者专家为此提出了各自的解决办法,但是由于转换波静校正问题的复杂性,该问题至今仍尚未圆满解决。本文首先在转换波的CRP（共接收点）叠加剖面上追踪拾取同相轴,然后结合纵波对应层位的地下构造求取接收点的横波静校正量。该方法通过对理论模型和实际资料的试算验证了其有效性。     

Polymer brush coatings for combating marine biofouling

A variety of functional polymer brushes and coatings have been developed for combating marine biofouling and biocorrosion with much less environmental impact than traditional biocides. This review summarizes recent developments in marine antifouling polymer brushes and coatings that are tethered to material surfaces and do not actively release biocides. Polymer brush coatings have been designed to inhibit molecular fouling, microfouling and macrofouling through incorporation or inclusion of multiple functionalities. Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration. Fouling release polymer coatings, based on fluoropolymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, minimize adhesion between marine organisms and material surfaces, leading to easy removal of biofoulants. Polycationic coatings are effective in reducing marine biofouling partly because of their good bactericidal properties. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry have also allowed better molecular design and engineering of multifunctional brush coatings for improved antifouling efficacies.     

Orthogonal ligation to spherical polymeric microparticles: Modular approaches for surface tailoring

Modular ligation strategies for the functionalization of polymeric microspheres provide new perspectives for their applications in material science. In the current trend article we highlight variable synthetic procedures for generating functional microspheres via orthogonal modular conjugation chemistries. An overview of the different surface chemistries available is provided, followed by surface-sensitive characterization techniques relevant for the microparticles. Finally, we explore future trends in modular orthogonal modification approaches on microparticles and provide an outlook on the perspectives that the field of surface-modification of polymeric microparticles holds.     

Interpolymer radical coupling: A toolbox complementary to controlled radical polymerization

The current review focuses on the relevance and practical benefit of interpolymer radical coupling methods. The latter are developing rapidly and constitute a perfectly complementary macromolecular engineering toolbox to the controlled radical polymerization techniques (CRP). Indeed, all structures formed by CRP are likely to be prone to radical coupling reactions, which multiply the available synthetic possibilities. Basically, the coupling systems can be divided in two main categories. The first one, including the atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), silane radical atom abstraction (SRAA) and cobalt-mediated radical coupling (CMRC), relies on the recombination of macroradicals produced from a dormant species. The second one, including atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC), single electron transfer nitroxide radical coupling (SETNRC), enhanced spin capturing polymerization (ESCP) and nitrone/nitroso mediated radical coupling (NMRC), makes use of a radical scavenger in order to promote the conjugation of the polymer chains. More than a compilation of macromolecular engineering achievements, the present review additionally aims to emphasize the particularities, synthetic potential and present limitations of each system.     

血清C反应蛋白荧光免疫层析检测方法的建立

针对人体急性炎症反应的快速检测,建立了基于量子点碲化镉(CdTe)的荧光免疫层析分析方法及快速定量检测卡,实现血清中炎症标志物C反应蛋白(CRP)的快速定量检测.该检测卡采用双抗体夹心法,首先利用酶联免疫方法筛选出CRP测定最佳包被抗体与标记抗体,然后通过N-羟基琥珀酰(NHS)和1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)共价偶联法,将CdTe量子点与CRP鼠源单克隆抗体偶联,制备抗体荧光标记物,同时优化不同条件下单克隆抗体与CdTe量子点的偶联效果,琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行鉴定,进而构建CRP荧光免疫层析检测卡,通过建立量子点荧光强度与CRP标准品浓度之间的定量关系,从而实现人体血清中CRP的定量检测.结果表明,CRP检测卡定量检测线性范围为0.1~1000ng/ml,临床样本测试结果显示与进口试剂具有良好的相关性.因此研究为急性炎症反应的快速诊断,及荧光免疫层析检测卡的研发提供了技术基础.     

Old and New Blood Markers in Human Colorectal Cancer

Cancer is a predominant cause of mortality all over the world. Lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the more frequent in men while breast and colorectal have a high incidence in women. Major progress aside, some cancers are still frequent and one major issue is improvements in detection methods. Imaging techniques have a major role, but inflammatory, tumoral markers and calculated scores may contribute to the assessment of prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) have been used for decades and do not have a clear use for diagnosis or prognosis yet. The CEACAM family includes 12 human members, and some of them have a cluster differentiation (CD). CD66 may be an interesting indicator of disease severity. Beside interleukin-6 (IL-6), the high level of which is observed in patients with a high mortality rate, other cytokines IL-17A, IL-22, and transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) are expressed at the tumor level. The detection of circulating tumor cells has been improved but is still of undetermined value. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was recently studied in CRC stage II patients and may be helpful for chemotherapy management.