Stationary and traveling hot spots in the catalytic combustion of hydrogen in monoliths

In the course of catalytic combustion of hydrogen (1-5% H₂ in air) in monolith reactors, strongly localized stationary and traveling hot spots arise in response to a sudden and persistent rise of gas flow velocity. Such hot spots may occur, e.g. in a catalytic converter following the acceleration of a car or in a catalytic combustor as a result of a load increase. This phenomenon is illustrated by simulations using a two-phase reactor model. The temperature overshoot of the adiabatic limit is typically of the order of the adiabatic temperature rise itself.The following mechanism underlies this behavior. Light fuel is supplied to the catalytic wall by fast diffusion (in the direction perpendicular to flow), while the heat released by reaction is removed from the wall by the slower, mixture-averaged heat conduction. This leads to accumulation of heat at the catalytic surface that eventually saturates at high temperatures. The hot spots may exhibit intricate dynamics, propagating downstream or upstream, or they may remain stationary. The direction of propagation depends on the relative strength of convective downstream and conductive upstream contributions to the overall displacement of reaction fronts. Generally, the hot spot tends to drift downstream at low flow velocities, remain stationary at intermediate flow velocities, and drift upstream at high flow velocities.     

无源软开关电路拓扑的研究

提出一个研究无源软开关电路的新技术方法;其特征是对基本的单管隔离型PWM DC/DC变换器进行类比分析,由此直接导出可行的缓冲能量再生复位电路.该新方法能使DC/DC PWM硬开关变换器转变为软开关变换器.以新型Boost无源软开关变换器为例,进行了电路理论分析与中功率样机的实验测试;结果表明此新变换器具有较宽的软开关工作范围、较低的电应力、较小的缓冲元件量值等特点.由此认为,这种研究方法推导简单、物理意义清晰,还能深入地研究无源软开关的新电路拓扑.     

高压直流偏磁对变压器的影响及抑制方法研究

宁东±660 kV直流输电工程在单极大地方式下会使接地极附近的变压器产生直流偏磁现象,直流偏磁是变压器的一种非正常工作状态,严重时可危及电网的安全运行.以串联电容法为技术基础的变压器中性点直流电流隔离接地装置的研制与开发,合理运用了氧化锌阀组和大容量快速开关作为电容器的双重保护,可以有效地阻断变压器中性点直流电流的流入,避免变压器直流偏磁显现的发生,保证了电网安全稳定运行.     

Robust grid‐oriented control of high voltage DC links embedded in an AC transmission system

Several studies have shown that the way to design controllers for the high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) links impacts the transient behavior of the electric system in which the latter are inserted. This can be exploited to improve the performances of the stability of the power system. In this paper, a robust multivariable control design for the converters of an HVDC link is proposed. It is based on the coordination of the control actions of the HVDC converters and the use of a control model. The latter takes into consideration, in addition to the dynamics that mostly impact the stability of the neighbor zone of the HVDC link, several cases of faulted situations modeled as uncertainties. An H_∞ controller allowed us to achieve robustness against such uncertainties. The new controller is tested in comparison with the standard vector control and an optimal linear quadratic controller using the EUROSTAG simulation software (Tractebel Engineering, Brussels, Belgium and Réseau de Transport d'Electricité (RTE) ‐ France) on both academic and realistic large‐scale power systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The experimental research of a digital sampling signal converter

The sensitivity and rise time of a transient characteristic of a digital sampling signal converter are experimentally researched. The sampling converter is built at a clocked tunnel-diode comparator.     

基于直流电流动态上升的高压直流输电系统换相失败分析

针对现有换相失败分析方法未考虑交流系统故障后直流电流动态上升对关断角影响的问题,在分析直流电流变化对关断角影响的基础上,首先推导了对称故障下未考虑直流电流变化以及考虑直流电流瞬时变化的换相失败分析方法。分析结果表明,当逆变侧换流母线电压跌落在一定区间内,以上2种方法会导致换相失败判别结果不准确。为此考虑交流系统故障后直流线路和直流控制的动态过程,推导了直流电流的时域表达式,通过求解直流电流最大值,提出了一种考虑直流电流动态上升的换相失败分析方法。最后基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台验证了所提方法的有效性以及对高压直流输电系统换相失败判别结果的正确性。     

多馈入直流受端电网换相失败风险区域快速识别方法

针对多馈入直流受端电网换相失败风险区域准确识别难题,计及直流控制系统影响,提出基于广义节点电压交互作用因子的风险区域快速识别方法。将交流母线和故障点视为广义节点,构建考虑直流控制影响的广义节点电压交互作用因子指标,并给出其计算方法;建立换流母线电压跌落期间的换流站暂态电路模型,计算临界换相失败风险电压,进而获取指标临界值,依据指标值与临界值的大小进行换相失败风险的判断;结合指标值的故障位置分布特性,提出换相失败风险区域的快速识别方法;在CIGRE HVDC测试系统和含三馈入直流的39节点测试系统中,验证所提计算方法和识别方法的有效性,与传统方法相比,临界换相失败风险电压的计算误差由7.7%降低到2.4%,提高了换相失败风险区域识别的准确性。     

A systematic review of robust control strategies in DC microgrids

This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of robust control strategies in DC microgrids. Microgrids gain worldwide attention in decades regarding its effective and feasible integration of distributed generations (DGs). Getting rid of frequency synchronization and reactive power problem, the DC microgrid is superior to its ac counterparts in stability, flexibility and complexity. The recent efforts were mainly directed toward developing the feasibility of implementing DC microgrids on kinds of specific application scenarios. DC microgrids design-related aspects such as the system architecture and topology, voltage levels, operation and control framework, stability analysis method, and protection challenge have been studied in a deep degree. In this paper, operation and control framework in both grid-connected (grid-forming) mode and islanding (grid-following) mode will be focused, to provide the guideline where we currently stand on the migration path from the overwhelming fully AC microgrids to a more flexible DC microgrids. Besides, the impediments against stability and effectiveness of DC microgrids and representatively proposed solutions will be discussed.     

超导储能装置用GTO PWM电流型变流器模块方阵

本文提出一种ＧＴＯＰＷＭ电流型变流器模块的连接方法。Ｎ×Ｎ个变流器模块组成一个方阵,通过适当地设计调制信号和载波信号的相位,该方阵能够实现特大功率变换,且网侧谐波得到抑制。由于ＰＷＭ主要用来实现功率的调节,因此ＧＴＯ仅需工作在较低的开关频率。本方案只需用Ｎ个移相变压器,就能获得６Ｎ２脉波变流器的特性。通过仿真,将变流器模块方阵与经典变流器模块直接并列结构作了比较。     

基于MMC的轻型高压直流输电系统的建模与控制

针对基于电压源变换器VSC的高压直流HVDC输电系统存在输出电压低次谐波含量多、需要体积庞大的滤波器和变压器、串联器件的动态均压等问题,提出了一种基于模块化多电平变换器MMC的轻型HVDC输电系统的设计方案;根据建立的MMC-HDVC输电系统的数学模型,详细介绍了该系统控制策略的实现。该控制策略从装置级和系统级两个方面控制MMC-HVDC输电系统,分别实现子模块电容电压的平衡控制及系统的功率解耦控制。仿真结果验证了该系统的可行性与有效性。