Using fuzzy MCDM technique to find the best location in Qatar for exploiting wind and solar energy to generate hydrogen and electricity

Hydrogen has been a promising energy carrier to meet the world's energy needs as well as reduce pollutant emissions. Although many countries have policies and programs to expand hydrogen production, the potential for hydrogen production in different regions of Qatar has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, this paper, for the first time, evaluates the possibility of an average annual cogeneration of 14 kWh of electricity and 85 kg/day of hydrogen by a home-scale solar-wind system connected to the grid in Qatar. NASA's 20-year average of meteorological data, the electricity tariff and gasoline price in 2018, along with annual real interest rate, were used as inputs to HOMER software. The techno-econo-enviro analysis was done over a one-year period hour by hour. From the results, it was found that the lowest prices of hydrogen and electricity generated, with $ 2.092/kg and $ 11.495/kWh, were related to Grid and PV-Wind-Grid scenarios, respectively. Also, results indicated that Ar-Ruways station and PV-Wind-Grid scenario were the most environmentally suitable options that resulted in a CO₂ emission rate of 1434 kg annually. To select just one station among five areas, a fuzzy method was deployed as a prioritization technique. Its results suggested that Doha Intl Airport site is the most suitable one for constructing solar-wind hybrid energy generation system.     

基于核函数极限学习机的微电网短期负荷预测方法

针对以单个或集体用户为业主的用户侧小容量微电网,考虑到成本约束及用电特征的不确定性,提出了一种基于核函数极限学习机的微电网短期负荷预测方法。使用核函数极限学习机、启发式遗传算法和分时训练样本,建立了包含离线参数寻优与在线负荷预测的预测模型;通过模型参数的周期更新来保证算法最优参数的时效性,同时降低在线预测系统的计算复杂度与历史数据存储量。通过对不同容量、类型的用户侧微电网进行短期负荷预测,分析了预测结果的准确度、参数周期更新的效果、预测结果对经济运行的影响和预测方法的计算效率。     

Analysis of a fuel cell micro-grid with a small-scale wind turbine generator

If electric power is supplied using an independent micro-grid connected to renewable energy, it can flexibly match the energy demand characteristics of a local area. And an independent micro-grid is expected to be effective in cutting greenhouse gas discharge and energy costs, as well as in eliminating the need for an emergency power supply system. Since the output of renewable energy is unstable, other energy equipment needs to cover the stability of output. Thus, the operating conditions of an independent micro-grid that supplies power with natural power sources and fuel cells are investigated. The operation conditions of a fuel-cell independent micro-grid with wind power generation were investigated by numerical analysis. Step loads and an apartment house power load model were analyzed using the dynamic characteristics of a fuel cell obtained from experiments. The output of wind power generation and fuel cells is controlled by proportional-integral control of an independent micro-grid for rapid power demand change.     

Micro-grid design and life-cycle assessment of a mountain hut's stand-alone energy system with hydrogen used for seasonal storage

Mountain huts, as special, stand-alone, micro-grid systems, are not connected to a power grid and represent a burden on the environment. The micro-grid has to be flexible to cover daily and seasonal fluctuations. Heat and electricity are usually generated with fossil fuels due to the simple on-off operation. By introducing renewable energy sources (RESs), the generation of energy could be more sustainable, but the generation and consumption must be balanced. The paper describes the integration of a hydrogen-storage system (HSS) and a battery-storage system (BattS) in a mountain hut. The HSS involves a proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE), a hydrogen storage tank (H₂ tank), a PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) and a BattS consisting of lead-acid batteries. Eight micro-grid configurations were modelled using HOMER and evaluated from the technical, environmental and economic points of view. A life-cycle assessment analysis was made from the cradle to the gate. The micro-grid configurations with the HSS achieve, on average, a more than 70% decrease in the environmental impacts in comparison to the state of play at the beginning, but require a larger investment. Comparing the HSS with the BattS as a seasonal energy storage, the hydrogen-based technology had advantages for all of the assessed criteria.     

智能微电网的分层控制

本文介绍了分层控制的理论基础,在将正确有效的下垂控制作为智能微电网一级控制的基础上,搭建了二级控制器,组成了分层控制。通过分析MATLAB／Simulink仿真结果,验证了由二级控制恢复微电网频率和电压的有效性和可行性。     

太阳能池板最大功率跟踪技术的研究

针对光伏发电技术中太阳能池板的最大功率工作点展开研究,阐述了太阳能池板的发电原理及数学模型的建立.针对太阳能池板输出特性及最大功率跟踪的方法,对比分析了传统的恒定电压法、扰动观察法和电导增量法,总结优缺点后提出了改进型变步长电导增量法.在距离最大功率点较远的时候,采用较大的步长,缩减追踪时间,在最大功率点附近时,减小步长,增大追踪精度.利用Matlab仿真软件对传统和所提出的变步长电导增量法进行了仿真,仿真结果对比证明变步长增量法收敛速度快,效果良好.最后通过光伏发电并网试验系统进行了4.4 kW太阳能池板最大功率跟踪技术实验,跟踪实验误差为3％,符合微电网技术要求.     

Multi-objective operation management of a renewable MG (micro-grid) with back-up micro-turbine/fuel cell/battery hybrid power source

As a result of today’s rapid socioeconomic growth and environmental concerns, higher service reliability, better power quality, increased energy efficiency and energy independency, exploring alternative energy resources, especially the renewable ones, has become the fields of interest for many modern societies. In this regard, MG (Micro-Grid) which is comprised of various alternative energy sources can serve as a basic tool to reach the desired objectives while distributing electricity more effectively, economically and securely. In this paper an expert multi-objective AMPSO (Adaptive Modified Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm) is presented for optimal operation of a typical MG with RESs (renewable energy sources) accompanied by a back-up Micro-Turbine/Fuel Cell/Battery hybrid power source to level the power mismatch or to store the surplus of energy when it’s needed. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear constraint multi-objective optimization problem to minimize the total operating cost and the net emission simultaneously. To improve the optimization process, a hybrid PSO algorithm based on a CLS (Chaotic Local Search) mechanism and a FSA (Fuzzy Self Adaptive) structure is utilized. The proposed algorithm is tested on a typical MG and its superior performance is compared to those from other evolutionary algorithms such as GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization).     

柔性直流输电在城市电网中的应用探讨

随着城市负荷快速增长,供电可靠性要求不断提高,城市供给电能面临着越来越大的困难和挑战。柔性直流技术为城市构建高压电网和接入微电网提供了支持。柔性直流输电利用电压源换流器VSC的自换向特性运行,具有诸多优点。分析了当前城市配网面临问题和柔性直流输电原理及技术优势,从优越性、成本估计和微网接入等方面对柔性直流输电在城市电网中的应用进行了探讨。     

基于微分几何的微网Z源逆变器并网控制

针对应用于微网系统中的Z源逆变器及其并网控制研究,以光伏系统为例,根据Z源变换器本身具有的非线性特性,建立Z源逆变器直流链及逆变侧的仿射非线性模型,利用微分几何基本工具,构造恰当的坐标变换和预反馈,将原非线性系统精确线性化,然后对该系统进行线性最优控制器设计。该逆变器集最大功率点跟踪、升降压和并网发电等功能于一体。仿真...     

基于降阶模型的多电源微电网小干扰分析

与传统大电网不同,微电网中电源种类较多,典型的微电源接口包括同步发电机、逆变器等,这使得微电网小干扰机电暂态分析时电网模型复杂,分析难度大。本文提出了含同步发电机和逆变器接口的微电网小干扰分析降阶模型,同步发电机采用三阶模型加一阶励磁控制器模型,逆变器忽略电流环、锁相环等快速动态过程,仅考虑功率环等慢动态过程。各个微电...