Optimal PMU placement considering topology constraints

A new optimization algorithm for optimal PMU configuration based on combination of graph theory and genetic algorithm is proposed. According to four topology reconstruction rules and three PMU configuration rules based on the graphic relationships between PMUs, constraints of PMU placement are put forward through topology constraint analysis, which dramatically limits the feasible solution space, thereby enhancing the algorithm speed. Meanwhile, an improved genetic algorithm based on serial number coding is presented to avoid infeasible solutions and improve the overall optimization performance. New corresponding crossover and mutation operator is also created. Examples show that the proposed algorithm performs very well and is highly valuable to large-scale networks.     

基于博弈演化算法的PMU最优配置方法

为实现电力系统可观测性,提出一种新的相量测量单元(PMU)配置方法,即基于博弈论的演化算法。该算法将寻找PMU最优配置方案的问题映射为理性主体寻求自身利益最大化的博弈过程,PMU最优配置方案即对应于博弈中的纳什均衡解。其突出优点是演化方向确定、全局收敛性好、收敛速度快、解具有多样性。应用该算法在IEEE 30节点、新英格兰39节点、某128节点系统进行仿真计算,与深度优化算法、模拟退火算法和最小生成树算法的结果进行比较,说明了该算法的可行性及优势。     

基于节点集合的PMU优化配置方法

同步相量测量单元(PMU)的最优配置要求在全局可观的前提下所配置的PMU最少。0-1线性整数规划在分析求解多目标PMU最优配置有极大的优势。在实际电力系统中存在一定数量的零注入节点。作为虚拟测量数据,虽然有利于PMU最优配置,然而引入到整数规划进行计算时,将使模型非线性化而难以求解。给出了考虑零注入功率节点情况下的条件函数,该函数能够有效保持函数的线性性从而仍能适用于0-1整数规划。当考虑N-1情况下的PMU最优布点时,该方法具有很强的继承能力,有效解决了传统方法无法解决的N-1优化配置问题。最后将该方法应用于IEEE14节点以及IEEE39节点的算例,相对于其他配置方法,减少了PMU配置数量,从而体现了该方法的优越性。     

Least square and Kalman based methodsfor dynamic phasor estimation: a review

The characterization of sinusoidal signals with time varying amplitude and phase is useful and applicable for many fields. Therefore several algorithms have been suggested to estimate main aspects of these signals. Within no standard approach to test the properties of these algorithms, it seems to be helpful to discuss a large class of algorithms according to their properties. In this paper, six methods of estimating dynamic phasor have been reviewed and discussed which three of them are based on least square and others are based on Kalman filter. Taylor expansion is used as a first step and continued with least square or Kalman filter in accordance with the proposal observer of each method. The theoretical processes of these methods are briefly clarified. The characterizations have been made by some tests in time and frequency domains. The tests include amplitude step, phase step, frequency step, frequency response, total vector error, transient monitor, noise, sample number, computation time, harmonic and DC offset which build a framework to compare the different methods.     

Optimal allocation of phasor measurement unit for full observability of the connected power network

This paper presents binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) technique for the optimal allocation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for the entire observability of connected power network. Phasor measurement units are considered as one of the most important measuring devices in the prospect of connected power network. PMUs function may be incorporated to the wide-area connected power networks for monitoring and controlling purposes. The optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem provides reference to the assurance of the minimal number of PMUs and their analogous locations for observability of the entire connected power networks. Binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm is developed for the solution of OPP problem. The efficacy and robustness of the proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England 39-bus, IEEE 57-bus, IEEE 118-bus and Northern Regional Power Grid (NRPG) 246-bus test system. The results obtained by proposed approach are compared with other standard methods and it is observed that this BPSO based placement of phasor measurement units is found to be the best among all other techniques discussed.     

Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

Dissipating energy flow method for locating the source of sustained oscillations

The modification of an energy-based approach called the dissipating energy flow (DEF) method is proposed, which uses data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to trace the source of poorly damped natural and forced oscillations in power systems. The original energy-based approach (Chen et al., 2013) assumes the ability to determine steady-state values of variables measured by PMU during the transient process and that prevents the reliable use of the original method with actual PMU data. PMU data processing, proposed in the DEF method, is a key step in converting the energy-based method into a robust and automated tool for use with actual PMU data. The effectiveness of the proposed DEF method is demonstrated by testing multiple simulated cases of sustained oscillations, including both poorly damped natural and forced oscillations and more than 30 actual events in ISO New England (ISO-NE) and two events in Western Electricity Coordination Council (WECC) systems. The study also demonstrates the potential for using the DEF method to estimate the contribution of any generator to the damping of a specific oscillation mode.     

计及相量测量单元信息不可观性的强迫功率振荡扰动源定位

强迫功率振荡的扰动源定位是低频振荡诊断与分析中的重要问题。目前,利用相量测量单元(PMU)的数据进行扰动源位置识别已引起了一定的关注,但相关研究成果大多未考虑PMU尚无法完整配置的现状,因而难以在实际电力系统中推广应用。为此,提出了一种计及PMU信息不可观性的强迫功率扰动源定位方法,并从扰动源定位的角度出发,提出了PMU分区配置的基本要求。仿真结果表明,该方法可在PMU信息不可观的情况下准确识别扰动源位置。     

基于相量测量单元录波数据的南方电网频率特性分析

准确地掌握电网的频率特性,是采取相关措施确保电网安全稳定和经济运行的基础。利用相量测量单元(PMU)录波数据,通过BPA仿真,分析了南方电网2010年1月份的13次机组跳闸故障。结果显示,南方电网采用以下模型可以基本上反映系统的频率特性:对实测过模型参数的机组,其调速系统采用实测模型;未实测的其余机组的调速系统采用经典模型,但死区设置为±0.05 Hz,调差系数设置为约0.164;负荷的有功功率频率因子取4.0。但2010年1月份的各次跳机事件的功率损失和频率变化量相对较小,由此得出的仿真模型对于大扰动是否适应还有待验证。