Limitations,challenges, and solution approaches in grid-connected renewable energy systems

In the modern world, only conventional energy resources cannot fulfil the growing energy demand. Electricity is a fundamental building block of a technological revolution. Today, most of the electricity demand is met by the burning of fossil fuels but at the cost of adverse environmental impact. In order to bridge the gap between electricity demand and supply, nonconventional and eco-friendly means of energy generation are considered. Renewable energy systems (RESs) offer an adequate solution to mitigate the challenges originated due to greenhouse gasses (GHG). However, they have an unpredictable power generation with specific site requirements. Grid integration of RESs may lead to new challenges related to power quality, reliability, power system stability, harmonics, subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs), power quality, and reactive power compensation. The integration with energy storage systems (ESSs) can reduce these complexities that arise due to the intermittent nature of RESs. In this paper, a comprehensive review of renewable energy sources has been presented. Application of ESSs in RESs and their development phase has been discussed. Role of ESSs in increasing lifetime, efficiency, and energy density of power system having RESs has been reviewed. Moreover, different techniques to solve the critical issues like low efficiency, harmonics, and inertia reduction in photovoltaic (PV) systems have been presented. Unlike most of the available review papers, this article also investigates the impact of FACTS technology in RESs-based power system using multitype flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers. Three simulation models have been developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that FACTS devices help to maintain the stability of RESs integrated power system. This review paper is believed to be of potential benefit for researchers from both the industry and academia to develop better understanding of challenges and solution techniques for REs-based power systems and future research dimensions in this area.     

基于线性自抗扰技术的SMES储能变流器控制策略

储能系统作为微电网中不可或缺的重要组成部分,对保证微电网的稳定运行和提高微电网电能质量具有重要作用。提出一种基于线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)的超导磁储能系统(superconducting magnetic storage system,SMES)储能变流器控制策略,利用LADRC能够估计并补偿系统扰动,可有效改善储能系统输出电能质量和提高系统鲁棒性。通过对LADRC和比例积分(proportional integral,PI)控制系统进行频率响应特性分析可知,一阶LADRC的反馈补偿器可以等效为一个PI控制器串联一个一阶低通滤波器,能有效抑制系统高频噪声;同时使用根轨迹法分析了LADRC控制系统的稳定性和鲁棒性。MATLAB仿真结果表明,基于LADRC的SMES储能变流器控制策略具有响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰能力强等优点,其控制效果和鲁棒性均优于传统PI控制器。     

Design and manufacture of a toroidal-type SMES for combination with real-time digital simulator (RTDS)

The authors designed and manufactured a toroidal-type superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The toroidal-type SMES was designed using a 3D CAD program. The toroidal-type magnet consists of 30 double pancake coils (DPCs). The single pancake coils (SPCs), which constitute the double pancake coils, are arranged at an angle of 6° from each other, based on the central axis of the toroidal-type magnet. The cooling method used for the toroidal-type SMES is the conduction cooling type. When the cooling method for the toroidal-type SMES was designed, the two-stage Gifford–McMahon (GM) refrigerator was considered. The Bi-2223 HTS wire, which was made by soldering brass on both sides of the superconductor, is used for the magnet winding. Finally, the authors connected the toroidal-type SMES to a real-time digital simulator (RSCAD/RTDS) to simulate voltage sag compensation in a power utility.     

Minimization of shaft oscillations by fuzzy controlled SMES considering time delay

This paper analyzes the effect of fuzzy logic-controlled superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) on minimizing shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators in a multi-machine power system. The proposed fuzzy logic controller has been designed in a very simple way considering only one input variable and one output variable. The time derivative of the total kinetic energy deviation (TKED) of the synchronous generators is used as the global input to the fuzzy controller for SMES switching. The influence of time delay associated with the global input calculation of the fuzzy controller on minimizing shaft torsional oscillations is investigated. Global positioning system (GPS) is proposed for the practical implementation of the calculation of the global input to the fuzzy controller. Simulation results of a balanced fault at different points in a multi-machine power system show that the proposed SMES can minimize the shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators well. Moreover, the time delay has an influence on the performance of fuzzy controlled SMES to minimize shaft torsional oscillations. However, even though the performance of fuzzy controlled SMES is somewhat effected by the communication delay, it is clear from the simulation responses that the fuzzy logic-controlled SMES considering typical communication delays can minimize the shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators well.     

High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and Its Power Control Technology

High temperature superconducting （HTS） power inductor and its control technology have been studied and analyzed in the paper. Based on the results of simulations and practical experiments, a controlled release scheme has been proposed and verified for developing a practical HTS SMES prototype.     

基于超导储能系统的风电场功率控制系统设计

风电场输出功率的波动性和间歇性会给电网带来不利的影响。为了降低风电场并网对电能质量的影响,文中阐述了一种基于超导储能系统的抑制风电场功率波动的间接控制方法。利用超导储能系统的四象限功率运行能力来补偿风电场输出的有功和无功功率波动,并抑制由此产生的电网电压波动;通过合理设计超导储能系统功率调节器的带宽来优化储能量。通过对风电场连接于弱电网的仿真,验证了所提出的功率控制策略的有效性。     

超导储能装置在提高电力系统暂态稳定性中的应用

超导储能(superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES)装置可以很好地改善电力系统暂态稳定性。文中基于PSS/E平台研究了储能装置改善电力系统暂态稳定性的作用,分析了储能装置在不同安装地点以及不同安装容量下对系统暂态稳定性的影响,并给出了效果对比分析,对储能装置实际应用具有一定的指导意义。最后,通过实际华东电网宁德-双龙通道的仿真分析,验证了储能装置在改善电力系统暂态稳定性,抑制系统振荡方面的效果。     

Interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage

The objective of this work is to discuss the concept of back‐to‐back interconnection systems with energy storage, especially with a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) incorporated into a back‐to‐back DC link. In this case, each converter of the back‐to‐back system is used as a power conditioning system for the SMES coils. Since the AC–DC converter can be designed independently of the frequency of the power system, a two‐way switch is connected to the AC side of each converter. This two‐way switch can select the interconnected power systems. By using the two‐way switches, this system can provide the stored energy in the SMES system to each interconnected power system through two AC–DC converters. For instance, lower‐cost power of each power network can be stored through two converters during the off‐peak hours and made available for dispatch to each power network during periods of demand peak. Then this system increases the reliability of electric power networks and enables the economical operations depending on the power demand. This paper describes the unique operations of the back‐to‐back interconnection with SMES and discuses the optimal SMES configuration for a 300‐MW‐class back‐to‐back interconnection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 37–43, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20482     

Robustness of damping control implemented by Energy Storage Systems installed in power systems

An Energy Storage System (ESS) installed in a power system can effectively damp power system oscillations through controlling exchange of either active or reactive power between the ESS and power system. This paper investigates the robustness of damping control implemented by the ESS to the variations of power system operating conditions. It proposes a new analytical method based on the well-known equal-area criterion and small-signal stability analysis. By using the proposed method, it is concluded in the paper that damping control implemented by the ESS through controlling its active power exchange with the power system is robust to the changes of power system operating conditions. While if the ESS damping control is realized by controlling its reactive power exchange with the power system, effectiveness of damping control changes with variations of power system operating condition. In the paper, an example of power system installed with a battery ESS (BESS) is presented. Simulation results confirm the analytical conclusions made in the paper about the robustness of ESS damping control. Laboratory experiment of a physical power system installed with a 35 kJ/7 kW Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) was carried out to evaluate theoretical study. Results are given in the paper, which demonstrate that effectiveness of SMES damping control realized through regulating active power is robust to changes of load conditions of the physical power system.     

超导储能装置在微网的布局研究

研究了微网内超导储能装置安装地点的选取,从而有效地降低了有功功率网损。根据旋转坐标系下变流器的数学模型,通过变流器的输出电压在d-q轴分量的解耦,实现有功功率、无功功率的独立调节。以微网有功损耗为目标函数,分别建立基于灵敏度分析和遗传算法确定超导储能装置安装位置的数学模型。仿真结果表明,两种方法对于减少网络有功损耗都有显著的改善作用。