Influence of Edible Films upon the Moisture Loss and Microstructure of Dietetic Sucrose-Free Sponge Cakes during Storage

The kinetics of changes in the bound water content in dietetic sucrose-free sponge cakes (DC) during storage was investigated. The effect of edible films of polymyxan, pectin, xanthan, and carboxymethylcellulose upon this kinetics was also investigated. The quantitative changes in both states of water (slightly bound water and strongly bound water) were registered by combined dynamic analysis (thermogravimetry analysis, TGA, and differential thermal analysis, DTA). The moisture changes in DC crumb were analyzed by drying out to constant mass. The rate constants were determined according the equation q = q_oe^-kt. The values of rate constants 'k', in day^-1, concerning the different edible films were as follows: for crumb moisture is (8.00 ≤ k ≤ 12.47) × 10^-3, for bound water is (3.07 ≤ k_w ≤ 6.26) × 10^-2, for slightly bound water is (4.22 ≤ k₁ ≤ 8.49) × 10^-2 and for strongly bound water is (2.02 ≤ k₂ ≤ 5.62) × 10^-2 as compared to 18.53 × 10^-3, 7.16 × 10^-2, 9.04 × 10^-2, and 5.36 × 10^-2 in the uncovered DC, respectively. The best water-retaining effect in respect to crumb moisture during storage was ascertained in the use of polymyxan and xanthan films. The lowest rate constant values for bound water and its two states were measured for DC covered with pectin. The relation between the kinetics of both bound water states during storage and ageing of the crumb of DC covered with different edible films and the crumb microstructure was represented. By means of scanning electron microscope was read the smallest change in crumb microstructure of pectin-covered DC on the sixth day of storage.     

TRVs and fault clearing stresses in extra-high-voltage radial networks

To cope with the high rate of increase of power demand in the main industrialized districts in Japan, 550-kV transmission systems covering the districts have been reinforced, with most of the main power plants connected directly to these systems. Through 550-/300-kV substations, the majority of power to the districts is supplied by 300-kV systems. To limit the excess short-circuit capacity in the 300-kV systems, they tend to be reconstructed as so-called radial networks. In radial networks with high short-circuit capacity and relatively small number of transmission lines connected to the substation busbars, the rate of rise of TRV can be far higher than standard value. This paper analyzes the transient recovery voltages (TRV) in such extra-high-voltage radial networks in Japan, together with the relevant stresses to circuit-breakers during fault clearings. Future system conditions have also been introduced. As the typical rate of rise of the TRV values, more than twice that of today's standard ones are probable.     

Functional and sensory properties of chicken meat from spent-hen carcasses deboned manually or mechanically in Jordan

Samples of chicken meat from spent laying hens were obtained by four different methods: (1) manual deboning of whole carcasses; (2) manual deboning of skinned carcasses; (3) mechanical deboning of whole carcasses; and (4) mechanical deboning of skinned carcasses. The meat was packaged, frozen and stored at ?18 °C for up to 3 months. Functional properties studied were pH, emulsifying capacity (EC) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) and, in addition, pigment concentration was investigated. Sensory properties included aroma, colour, texture and overall acceptability, as judged by a trained panel using a nine‐point hedonic scale. Removal of the skin prior to deboning by either method gave significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for EC, while WHC values were not significantly different among the experimental treatments, despite higher pH values for mechanically‐deboned meat, with and without skin. Pigment concentrations were highest in meat from Treatment 4 and lowest for Treatment 1, but values for both methods of deboning were affected by the presence of skin. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the sensory properties studied. Changes occurring in the meat during frozen storage are described.     

Stability of large-scale coal-fired MHD channels

Stability of large-scale coal-fired MHD channels is studied by (1) linearized stability analysis, and (2) time-dependent 1-D analysis. The channel length is 15 m with 600 electrode pairs, and the output power ranges from 220.6 MW through 258.7 MW. Linearized stability analyses show that the Faraday channels operated with fixed loading resistance are stable, whereas the two waves of u and u–a (u, a: gas and sound velocity) become unstable in the Faraday channel with fixed loading factor. Two waves of u and u–a are unstable in the diagonal channel with fixed loading current and the u + a wave becomes unstable in the diagonal channel with fixed electrode current. Time-dependent one-dimensional analyses indicate that the Faraday channels with fixed load resistance are smooth without growth of fluctuation. The diagonal channels with fixed electrode current are smooth with no fluctuation, though the linear theory indicates that the u + a wave is unstable. The diagonal channel with fixed load current suffers large disturbance along the latter half of the channel, being consistent with the linearized analysis which indicates that the u - a and u waves are unstable.     

Effect of additives on formation of natural gas hydrate

The formation of natural gas hydrate (NGH) is studied in this work. Kinetics data of hydrate formation with no agitation were collected at various concentrations of the aqueous solutions with different additives such as alkylpolyglucside, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and potassium oxalate monohydrate. Various kinds of additive increased the formation rates of NGH and its storage capacity and reduced the induction time of NGH formation. Moreover, the storage capacity, the induction time and the hydrate formation rate were influenced by the concentration of the aqueous solution.     

Dynamic buffering performance of the honeycomb paperboard filled with polyurethane

A new kind of composite buffering material was made by filling the voids of honeycomb paperboard with polyurethane. Drop tests were performed to evaluate the dynamic energy absorption capacity of the material. Based on the tests results, we analyzed the mechanical behaviors of the material under different conditions and obtained the inherent influencing laws of some factors on the material＇s dynamic buffering performance. It was shown that the dynamic buffering performance varied directly with impact velocity, and inversely with the void diameter, thickness and buffeting area of the composite material.     

第二代农民工市民化与中国共产党执政能力建设

第二代农民工市民化利益要求的实现有助于从阶级基础、群众基础、执政理念、执政资源和执政环境等方面加强党的执政能力建设。在第二代农民工市民化背景下,党应该强化执政为民的理念,构建利益相关制度,强化第二代农民工的工人阶级意识和主人翁意识,鼓励他们积极参与政治生活,有组织、有秩序地进行利益表达,使他们充分享受到城市经济社会发展成果,同时提高党自身的执政能力。     

析架空输电线路上倍容导线的选择

架空输电线路项目扩容改造,当采用倍容导线时,需在技术和经济上对倍容导线进行比较分析。文章对这种导线的种类、特性情况作了介绍,通过在220kV线路上对倍容导线的选择分析,为同类案例的处理提供了借鉴和参考。     

环境经济系统工程的思考

环境问题与经济问题紧密相连,由于环境问题的综合性和复杂性,需要运用系统工程的方法和经济学原理,将环境问题置于整个经济系统中统筹考虑,建立相对完整的环境经济系统工程方法体系,将环境保护工作纳入经济社会发展中,使其成为决策中主要考虑的因素之一,并引起应有的重视。本研究从环境与经济承载力、环境投资的经济分析、环境与投资效率比较、环境资源的经济价值以及生态补偿与污染赔偿等方面构建环境经济系统工程的基本框架体系,并结合实际进行案例分析。研究表明,单纯的政府行政干预不如创造条件,如补偿、税收减免、投资、贴息等,使其具备在市场规则下.自动引导资源向环境保护与污染治理的投入,如排污指标的交易等。此外,自然资源是不可或缺的稀有资本,应该将保护生态系统及生物多样性纳入各级政府决策的主要方面。     

数据中心计算环境应用承载能力评价

随着新型计算服务模式在数据中心的普及,针对如何有效评价其承载能力的问题,提出一种新的应用承载能力评价体系和评价模型,具体分析了网络、计算资源对服务环境的影响度,并给出了实例分析。实例分析结果表明,新的评价体系和评价模型可以有效评估计算服务模式对各类信息服务系统部署运行的应用承载能力,进而提升信息服务保障整体效益。