Comparative study of embrittlement of quenched and tempered steels in hydrogen environments

The study of steels which guarantee safety and reliability throughout their service life in hydrogen-rich environments has increased considerably in recent years. Their mechanical behavior in terms of hydrogen embrittlement is of utmost importance. This work aims to assess the effects of hydrogen on the tensile properties of quenched and tempered 42CrMo4 steels. Tensile tests were performed on smooth and notched specimens under different conditions: pre-charged in high pressure hydrogen gas, electrochemically pre-charged, and in-situ hydrogen charged in an acid aqueous medium. The influence of the charging methodology on the corresponding embrittlement indexes was assessed. The role of other test variables, such as the applied current density, the electrolyte composition, and the displacement rate was also studied. An important reduction of the strength was detected when notched specimens were subjected to in-situ charging. When the same tests were performed on smooth tensile specimens, the deformation results were reduced. This behavior is related to significant changes in the operative failure micromechanisms, from ductile (microvoids coalescence) in absence of hydrogen or under low hydrogen contents, to brittle (decohesion of martensite lath interfaces) under the most stringent conditions.     

Influence of the Impaction Angle on the Triboelectric Charging of Aerosol Nanoparticles

A low pressure impactor is used to measure triboelectric charging behavior of metallic nanoparticles. Ag nanoparticles, produced by spark discharge, were impacted onto Pt sputtered targets. The influence of the impaction angle and impaction velocity on the triboelectric charging was investigated. While for perpendicular impaction the charge transfer behavior of previous work was confirmed, the oblique impaction revealed new phenomena. Additional charge transfer was observable, which increases with obliqueness. The possibility of mass transfer between particle and target due to the high-energy collisions was also investigated. SEM characterization and Auger spectroscopy indicate mass transfer from the particle to the target surface.     

移相全桥变换器在电动汽车充电单元中的应用

分析了峰值电流控制模式下移相全桥变换器的工作原理,设计了电动汽车充电单元的串联双闭环控制器。该控制器外环主回路实时获取负载电压与输入参考电压之间的偏差,通过输入PID电压环对输出电压进行调节,其内环副回路实时计算原边控制电流与PID电压环控制输出的偏差,通过输入PID电流环对控制电流进行调节。针对当控制输入信号占空比大于50%后峰值电流变换器系统出现不稳定的问题,设计了一种斜坡补偿方法,并以PIC16F887单片机为核心,开发了一套电动汽车充电控制单元。实验结果表明,所设计的充电控制单元可以满足电动汽车的充电要求,并具有可靠性高、动态响应快、补偿网络易实现以及带宽增益较高等优点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组7段致密油充注影响因素分析

通过岩心观察、试油资料分析、岩石薄片鉴定、CT三维成像与主控因子分析等技术手段，研究了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段(长7段)致密油的源—储组合特征，明确了致密油充注的主控因素。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地长7段发育源夹储、源—储互层与储夹源3种源—储岩性组合类型；不同源—储岩性组合内部发育薄层、中厚层与厚层3类烃源岩；构造裂缝、层理缝与微观孔喉网络为长7段主要的源—储通道。烃源岩厚度与源—储岩性组合是影响致密油充注的主要因素，源—储通道的影响相对较弱。厚层优质烃源岩是致密油充注的物理基础，剩余压力为致密油充注的主要动力，源—储岩性组合是致密油充注的空间场所。中厚层烃源岩与源夹储及源—储互层型岩性组合发育的区域为致密油有利的充注区。     

陕北浅埋煤层绿色保水开采技术研究

王家沟煤矿为陕北典型浅埋煤层矿井，地下煤炭资源开采有可能破坏萨拉乌苏组潜水含水层。为有效的控制导水裂隙发育，最大限度保护地表含水层，基于协调开采的原理，结合力学模型和相似材料模拟试验，对比研究了一次采全高和限高留煤柱两种开采方法导水裂隙发育规律。研究表明，一次采全高条件下导水裂隙呈间歇式变速发育最大高度94m，穿过含水层|限高留煤柱协调开采导水裂隙发育平缓，最大高度60m|关键层的稳定决定着含水层的稳定，限高留煤柱能够显著的控制协调关键层挠曲下沉，有效的抑制导水裂隙发育，实现含水层下绿色保水开采。     

Investigation of the hydrogen induced cracking behaviour of API 5L X65 pipeline steel

The effect of microstructural features on the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility of two API 5L X65 pipeline steels were investigated by cathodic charging, hydrogen permeation and hydrogen microprint experiments. Microstructural evaluation after hydrogen charging revealed cracks at the mid-thickness (segregation zone) of both plates. However, more severe cracks were observed in the plate with higher dislocation density and residual stresses. The plate with lower plastic strain and more {111}-oriented grains had less severe cracks. Inclusions found along the crack path, comprising of Si-enriched oxides and carbides contributed to the initiation and propagation of cracks. The variation of the trapping behaviour and hydrogen diffusion through the plates were examined. The results confirmed that a higher ratio of reversible to irreversible traps contributes to increasing HIC severity in steels. Additionally, hydrogen transport through the steels was most prominent along the grain boundaries, indicating the importance of grain boundary character to HIC.     

Effects of Smart Charging of Multiple Electric Vehicles in Reducing Power Generation Fuel Cost

The high penetration of variable sources of renewable power generation will lead to operational difficulties in supply/demand balancing in the entire power system. The mass deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) will also cause significant changes in electricity demand. Therefore, controlling and managing the charging time of EVs/PHEVs are effective approaches that are imperative for improving balancing in power system operation. We assumed travel patterns for EVs in a model of the future Tokyo power system and analyzed the power system loads, including the charging load of the EVs, under several charging control scenarios. We verified that charging time controls are substantially effective for reducing the fuel costs in the power system. Further, we found that load leveling under a multicar charging management scenario gave the best results in terms of the fuel costs in all cases.     

Multiple models decentralized coordinated control of doubly fed induction generator

In this paper, a multiple model optimal tracking control (MOTC) design method for the double fed induction generator (DFIG) using correlative measured technique is proposed. The DFIG is represented by a third-order model, where electro-magnetic transients of stator are neglected. By using the correlative measured technique, the correlative measured matrix (CMM) of wind power system is obtained firstly. Then, a nonstandard state space equation of DFIG is obtained with the correlative measured vectors (CMVs), which reflect interactions between the DFIGs and grid. In order to cope with nonlinearities and continuous variation in the operating points, a multiple model design method is proposed in the discrete domain. The obtained control law, synthesized by using Bayesian probability, only depends on the local measured parameters. Hence, the MOTC can be regarded as a decentralized coordinated control, which can simplify the control structure and improve the transient stability of DFIG. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed MOTC strategy, simulations on a hybrid wind thermal power (HWTP) system are performed. The results show that the proposed MOTC strategy can provide acceptable performance throughout the whole operating region. Comparing to the conventional PID control, transient stability, damping, and fault ride-through capability of DFIG with the proposed MOTC design method have been improved effectively.     

15/25MN立捣卧挤炭素挤压机主机装配攻关

立捣卧挤炭素挤压机采用立式捣固预压,卧式挤压,旋转料室+延长料室结构,旋转料室和延伸料室均采用过盈配合,粗加工后要进行热装,压机整体高度较高,由于厂内不具备现场安装条件,导致装配难度很大,通过工艺和装配攻关,确定合理的安装方案,制作专用工装工具,采取相应措施,保证装配精度符合要求。     

Off-grid solar powered charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles including fuel cell and hydrogen storage

This paper designs an off-grid charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles. Both the electric and hydrogen vehicles are charged at the same time. They appear as two electrical and hydrogen load demand on the charging station and the charging station is powered by solar panels. The output power of solar system is separated into two parts. On part of solar power is used to supply the electrical load demand (to charge the electric vehicles) and rest runs water electrolyzer and it will be converted to the hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored and it supplies the hydrogen load demand (to charge the hydrogen-burning vehicles). The uncertainty of parameters (solar energy, consumed power by electrical vehicles, and consumed power by hydrogen vehicles) is included and modeled. The fuel cell is added to the charging station to deal with such uncertainty. The fuel cell runs on hydrogen and produces electrical energy to supply electrical loading under uncertainties. The diesel generator is also added to the charging station as a supplementary generation. The problem is modeled as stochastic optimization programming and minimizes the investment and operational costs of solar and diesel systems. The introduced planning finds optimal rated powers of solar system and diesel generator, operation pattern for diesel generator and fuel cell, and the stored hydrogen. The results confirm that the cost of changing station is covered by investment cost of solar system (95%), operational cost of diesel generator (4.5%), and investment cost of diesel generator (0.5%). The fuel cell and diesel generator supply the load demand when the solar energy is zero. About 97% of solar energy will be converted to hydrogen and stored. The optimal operation of diesel generator reduces the cost approximately 15%.