Analysis and decomposition of active and reactive power spot price in deregulated electricity markets

Electricity markets have suffered important modifications in recent decades in many countries, in which a competition framework has been established with the aim of improving market efficiency and reducing energy prices. However, this new paradigm does not assure optimal solutions, as new constraints can be introduced in optimization processes that can affect the resulting prices. An example of this situation is the establishment of power purchase agreements between producers and consumers. A wide literature can be found regarding electricity markets. Some of this literature refers to the theory of spot prices and its application to them. This paper deals with the obtaining, decomposition and deduction of behavior rules of spot prices, and their influence on established contractual relationships in a deregulated market environment which allows power purchase agreements between consumers and producers. It is performed by a deterministic modeling of the complete generation-grid system. The influence of the existence of this kind of agreements on both total costs and spot prices is discussed.     

Lagrangian relaxation hybrid with evolutionary algorithm for short-term generation scheduling

Short-term generation scheduling is an important function in daily operational planning of power systems. It is defined as optimal scheduling of power generators over a scheduling period while respecting various generator constraints and system constraints. Objective of the problem includes costs associated with energy production, start-up cost and shut-down cost along with profits. The resulting problem is a large scale nonlinear mixed-integer optimization problem for which there is no exact solution technique available. The solution to the problem can be obtained only by complete enumeration, often at the cost of a prohibitively computation time requirement for realistic power systems. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm which combines Lagrangian Relaxation (LR) together with Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) to solve the problem in cooperative and competitive energy environments. Simulation studies were carried out on different systems containing various numbers of units. The outcomes from different algorithms are compared with that from the proposed hybrid algorithm and the advantages of the proposed algorithm are briefly discussed.     

Multi-elite guide hybrid differential evolution with simulated annealing technique for dynamic economic emission dispatch

This paper proposes an improved multi-objective differential evolutionary algorithm named multi-objective hybrid differential evolution with simulated annealing technique (MOHDE-SAT) to solve dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) problem. The proposed MOHDE-SAT integrates the orthogonal initialization method into the differential evolution, which enlarges the population diversity at the beginning of population evolution. In addition, modified mutation operator and archive retention mechanisms are used to control convergence rate, and simulated annealing technique and entropy diversity method are utilized to adaptively monitor the population diversity as the evolution proceeds, which can properly avoid the premature convergence problem. Furthermore, the MOHDE-SAT is applied on the thermal system with a heuristic constraint handling method, and obtains more desirable results in comparison to those alternatives established recently. The obtained results also reveal that the proposed MOHDE-SAT can provide a viable way for solving DEED problems.     

Global optimization for power dispatch problems based on theory of moments

Non-convex of an optimal power dispatch problem makes it difficult to guarantee the global optimum. This paper presents a convex relaxation approach, called the Moment Semidefinite Programming (MSDP) method, to facilitate the search for deterministic global optimal solutions. The method employs a sequence of moments, which can linearize polynomial functions and construct positive semidefinite moment matrices, to form an SDP convex relaxation for power dispatch problems. In particular, the rank of the moment matrix is used as a sufficient condition to ensure the global optimality. The same condition can also be leveraged to estimate the number of global optimal solution(s). This method is effectively applied to {0,1}-economic dispatch (ED) problems and optimal power flow (OPF) problems. Simulation results showed that the MSDP method is capable of solving {0,1}-ED problems with integer values directly, and is able to identify if more than one global optimal solutions exist. In additional, the method can obtain rank-1 moment matrices for OPF’s counterexamples of existing SDP method, this ensures the global solution and overcomes the problem that existing SDP method cannot meet the rank-1 condition sometimes.     

我国两部制电价制度对天然气发电企业盈利能力的影响

上海、浙江和江苏等地陆续出台了两部制电价制度,以期解决天然气发电(以下简称气电)企业成本高、经营困难等问题。为了研究该电价制度对气电企业盈利能力的影响,在对比分析上述三地电价政策和实施效果的基础上,基于不同类型机组的三大经营指标(项目财务内部收益率、经济净现值、动态投资回收期),采用项目经济性分析模型探究了不同类型燃气电厂的经济性。研究结果表明:①现行两部制电价与单一制电价相比,电价水平小幅度下降,给企业经营带来了一定的冲击,但从长远看,则有利于形成可持续的发展机制;②两部制电价是各地政府经过充分调研和测算后根据该区具体情况制定的,在该政策下多数企业处于盈亏平衡点附近,综合条件优、管理水平高的企业能取得一定的盈利,反之则亏损;③当电量电价一定且大于盈亏平衡点时,企业效益随年利用小时数的增加而提升,反之则随年利用小时数的增加而降低。结论认为:①两部制电价能起到促进企业管理和技术水平提升,引导和鼓励电力投资的作用,符合我国电力体制改革的方向;②政策制定时应针对不同时期建成的项目加以区别对待,实现上网电价、天然气价格和供热蒸气价格的"三个联动";③应建立大数据平台,实行气网、电网联合调度;④发电企业应创新管理,降低电厂建设及维护成本,提升机组效率,降低气耗。     

矿产资源节约集约利用驱动因素研究

矿产资源属于耗竭性资源,基于其稀缺性和不可再生性,从国家资源安全战略考虑,通过节约集约利用缓解资源短缺问题是一种有效的途径。本文以矿产资源节约集约利用为研究目标,从政策驱动和技术驱动角度,研究了规划、税收、监管、标准、资源禀赋条件、采矿技术、选矿技术等驱动因素的驱动机理,以及与矿产资源利用的关系,分析了各驱动因素的现行政策和存在的问题。研究表明,各驱动因素促进矿产资源节约集约利用的过程是相互的、复杂的,在多因素的共同作用下,驱动因素之间的协同能力是实现目标的关键,协同程度越高,矿产资源节约集约利用的成效越好。     

石化企业电力变压器的节能分析

分析石化企业变压器自身的电能损耗和经济运行的措施,提出在新建、改建或扩建工程中大力推广应用新型节能变压器,工程设计时必须合理选择变压器的数量和容量,使其负载率接近经济运行状态。     

日本东京都都民住宅

文章介绍了日本东京都都民住宅的建筑设计、内部布局、建筑材料、装修设计、细部设计、物业管理等,以及与国内住宅设计布局上的不同之处.     

困惑与抉择--"适用、经济、美观"原则在建筑学专业教育中的意义

“适用、经济,在可能条件下注意美观”的建筑方针在我国当前城乡建设高速发展的形势下,被赋予了更深刻的内涵。同样,这一方针在当前高校建筑学专业中,对于帮助学生树立科学、全面的建筑观,促进专业课教育,也具有极其重要的指导意义。     

SCADA系统在城市燃气供应中的应用

介绍了三级结构的SCADA系统各级站的硬件配置及功能，此SCADA系统适用于三级管理体制的城市燃气供应系统。