Optimal operating conditions to maximize the net power of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: The stack-system interface of a commercial 18 kW module

A new, experimental method based on air flow rate rather than current is presented to optimize operating parameters for the stacks and systems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for maximizing their net power. This approach is illustrated for a commercial 18 kW PEMFC module. The impact of contamination pressure drop across the cathode air filter is also investigated on the compressor behavior. It is further shown that a 4V reduction in the compressor voltage reduces its power consumption by 9.1%. Using the 3D graphs of the power-pressure-flow data, it is found that the stack pressure of 180 kPaa is superior to the higher tested pressures as it enhances the net power by 7.0 and 13.7% at different conditions. Application of the present study will lead to the development of PEMFCs with higher power output by optimizing stack pressure, stoichiometry and air flow to properly deliver the system design specifications.     

抑霜型空气源热泵机组应用实测研究

空气源热泵结霜过程会恶化机组的实际运行性能，重霜工况下尤为严重，发展抑霜型空气源热泵是保障其高效适用和良性发展的关键。本文依托四川省康定市的某住宅示范工程，开展抑霜型空气源热泵和常规型空气源热泵的现场实测研究，研究抑霜型空气源热泵实际应用中的抑霜、制热性能表现，并进行技术经济性分析。结果表明：抑霜型空气源热泵抑霜效果显著，制热性能得到显著改善，能效提升达到21%~37.3%，费用年值比常规空气源热泵降低了13%，1年左右即可回收追加的投资，具有更好的技术经济性，有助于空气源热泵技术在严重结霜气候区域的高效应用。     

Effect of slot-die configurations on coating gap dependence of maximum and minimum wet thicknesses

The dependence of the maximum and minimum wet thicknesses on the coating gap is derived for the slot-die coating process, under different slot-die configurations. Analytical expressions for the wet thickness and its derivative with respect to the coating gap are obtained using a simple flow model. The results indicate that, as expected, the minimum wet thickness increases linearly with the coating gap; however, the maximum wet thickness demonstrates a counterintuitive trend of decreasing as the coating gap increases, when a specific slot-die configuration is assumed. Moreover, the results are also validated by numerically solving the complete two-dimensional (2D) Navier–Stokes equation.     

基于历史数据聚类的火电机组工况划分

针对调峰背景下火电机组非稳态工况增多,以及常见运行工况偏离设计工况等问题,提出了基于历史运行数据聚类的工况划分模型。首先,考虑到运行数据中非稳态工况与稳态工况并存的情况,以功率作为特征变量,提出基于功率差值期望区间估计的稳态判别算法,筛选出历史数据中的非稳态工况;其次,由于稳态工况下外部边界条件变量的分布差异性,提出改进的多步K-均值聚类算法进行稳态工况的划分,并利用silhouette评价准则确定每步条件下的最佳聚类数;最后,采用某实际发电用重型燃气轮机的历史运行数据进行模型验证。通过与传统K-均值聚类算法比较,所提出的模型能够有效解决工况分类数目较少以及样本分布不均的问题。     

降低焦炭塔操作压力对焦化过程的影响

考察了降低焦炭塔操作压力对延迟焦化过程的影响。中试结果表明：在炉出口温度、注汽量、循环比等操作条件基本一致的情况下，当焦炭塔的操作压力由0.195MPa降低到0.115MPa时，气体和焦炭的产率降低，液体产品收率提高且表现在焦化蜡油收率的提高上，二者分别提高了2.03百分点和4.64百分点；随着操作压力的降低，焦化汽油和焦化柴油的性质基本一致，但焦化蜡油性质变差，主要表现在密度、残炭、沥青质、氮含量及金属等均有所升高，95%馏出温度提高14℃；石油焦的挥发分呈降低趋势。     

运行工况对多向扰流强化管CaSO4污垢特性的影响

为更深入并准确研究运行工况条件对多向扰流强化管CaSO_4污垢特性的影响,基于FLUENT软件的UDF功能构建了恒壁温条件下结垢传质过程与温度场的耦合作用关系,进一步采用田口法对运行工况致垢的贡献率进行了模拟比较,分析了贡献率较大的运行工况对污垢特性的影响。结果表明:溶液溶度致垢的贡献率占53.2%,而壁面温度、进口流速和进口温度的贡献率分别为22.2%、19.3%和5.3%;溶液溶度在4.0～2.5 kg/m~3,污垢热阻降低达90.47%,并且随溶度降低其相邻溶度间降低比例基本不变;壁面温度在340.0～315.0 K时,污垢热阻降低了65.22%,在前一阶段相邻温度间降低比例基本上不变,当达到320.0 K后降低明显;流速在1.0～2.5 m/s时,随流速的增加,污垢热阻降低68.65%,且随流速的增加,相邻流速间降低的速度明显减缓。     

纵轴式掘进机截割头载荷影响因素的仿真分析

针对现有掘进机截割头载荷特性研究方法采用单一影响因素不能全面反映截割头载荷及其波动变化规律的问题,通过分析截割头瞬时载荷,确定了纵轴式掘进机在水平截割工况下截割头载荷的主要影响因素有截割岩石特性、截割头掏槽深度、截割头吃刀深度、截割头转速和截割臂摆速。针对某纵轴式掘进机水平截割工况,采用Matlab对影响截割头载荷的多种因素进行仿真分析,得到了各向载荷及其波动随各因素的变化规律:截割头载荷随着岩壁普氏系数的增大而增加,其中横向阻力增加尤为明显,横向阻力波动程度高于其他方向载荷,且随着岩壁普氏系数的增大呈减小趋势;随着截割头掏槽深度的增加,截割头各向载荷近似呈线性增加,其中升力增加幅度最大,各向载荷波动则随着截割头掏槽深度的增大而减小;随着吃刀深度的增加,截割头载荷总体呈增大趋势,载荷波动程度则随之减小;在截割头转速一定的情况下,截割头载荷均随着截割臂摆速的增加而增大,在同一摆速下,截割头载荷随着截割头转速的减小而增大,横向阻力波动明显高于升力和推进阻力波动,横向阻力和推进阻力波动按截割头载荷规律变化,升力波动则与之相反。截割头载荷波动变化规律与截割头载荷变化规律不尽一致,有时甚至相互冲突。因此,掘进机作业过程中应合理选择截割头掏槽深度、吃刀深度等操作参数和截割头转速、截割臂摆速等运动参数,使各参数相互匹配,以减小掘进机振动,延长使用寿命。     

车用有机朗肯循环系统中计量泵的性能研究

在模拟车用有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统的工作环境下,设计并搭建以R123作为工质的液压隔膜计量泵性能测试平台。在额定转速(2900 r/min)下,通过调节液压隔膜计量泵的冲程(25%、50%、75%、100%)和出口压力,得到变工况下液压隔膜计量泵的特性曲线,并分析液压隔膜计量泵的关键参数对车用ORC系统性能的影响情况。结果表明:液压隔膜计量泵的流量受冲程影响,与出口压力基本无关。其输入功率和实际运行效率均随着冲程的增加而升高,最高分别可达523.91 W、88.27%。应用该液压隔膜计量泵的模拟车用ORC系统吸热量变化范围较广,系统热效率最高可达12.81%。液压隔膜计量泵可应用于车用ORC系统,通过调节液压隔膜计量泵的冲程和出口压力,可实现提高车用ORC系统热效率、增加系统净输出功率的目的。     

气井柱塞举液机理CFD模拟及工艺参数优化

目前关于柱塞举液机理的认识不够清晰,这对柱塞高效举液工艺参数及工具结构的进一步优化造成不利影响。为此,采用VOF (Volume of Fluid)流体模拟方法对柱塞举液上行过程中的气液两相流场进行CFD模拟,对柱塞气液流动过程及密封原理进行探讨和分析,并对不同柱塞上行速度及不同紊流槽尺寸下的流场分布进行模拟对比,确定柱塞运行的最佳条件。研究结果表明:柱塞上行过程紊流槽中液体与气流间的相互作用阻碍了气体向柱塞上端的窜流及液体向下的泄漏;气流进入每级紊流槽形成漩涡,使部分动能转化为内能耗散达到密封效果;柱塞上行速度较低时,流场中无漏液,窜气量随上行速度增加而减小;上行速度较高时,紊流槽中全为液相,漏液量随上行速度增大而增加;模拟范围内密封最佳的柱塞运行速度为4. 0~4. 5 m/s;当紊流槽宽度与深度相等时其密封作用最差,当紊流槽宽度为深度的2倍时,液体与气流间的相互作用最强烈,密封效果最佳。研究结果可为柱塞气举工艺制度及参数的优化提供指导。     

Design and Analysis of a Single-Stage Transonic Centrifugal Turbine for organic Rankine cycle(ORC)

The recovery of low temperature heat sources is a hot topic in the world.The ORC system can effectively use the low temperature heat source.As its main output device,the performance of the turbine is very important.The single stage transonic turbine has the characteristics of small size and large output power.In this paper,the complete design process of a transonic centrifugal turbine with R245fa in low working temperature condition is introduced.At the design conditions,the shaft power and the wheel efficiency of the centrifugal turbine can reach 1.12 MW and 83.61%,respectively.In addition,a thermodynamic ORC cycle is presented and the off-design conditions of the turbine and its influence on the system are studied in detail.The results obtained in the present work show that the single-stage transonic centrifugal turbine can be regarded as a potential choice to be applied in small scale ORC systems.