The cannibalization effect of wind and solar in the California wholesale electricity market

Increasing penetration of zero marginal cost variable renewable technologies cause the decline of wholesale electricity prices due to the merit-order effect. This causes a “cannibalization effect” through which increasing renewable technologies’ penetration undermines their own value. We calculate solar and wind daily unit revenues (generation weighted electricity prices) and value factors (unit revenues divided by average electricity prices) from hourly data of the day-ahead California wholesale electricity market (CAISO) for the period January 2013 to June 2017. We then perform a time series econometric analysis to test the absolute (unit revenues) and relative (value factors) cannibalization effect of solar and wind technologies, as well as the cross-cannibalization effects between technologies. We find both absolute and relative cannibalization effect for both solar and wind, but while wind penetration reduces the value factor of solar, solar penetration increases wind value factor, at least at high penetration and low consumption levels. We explore non-linearities and also find that the cannibalization effect is stronger at low consumption and high wind/solar penetration levels. This entails that wind and (mainly) solar competitiveness could be jeopardized unless additional mitigation measures such as storage, demand management or intercontinental interconnections are taken.     

社会福利均衡的实时电价多层互动模型

为提升智能电网需求侧管理的实时电价所提升的社会福利普及到电力系统每位参与者,给出了一种更为关注收益均衡的建模方法。根据现有的电力系统运行机制,将发电厂、电网公司和用户纳入其中,以电网公司收益提升为目标,建立实时电价多层互动模型,并与现有的社会总福利最大化模型进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明,互动模型较之社会总福利最大化模型,更好地平衡了各参与者间的收益,并且电网公司的收益具有显著提升,各时段用电负荷也呈现减少趋势,进一步说明了互动模型的有效性。     

Impact of regulatory rules on economic performance of PV power plants

The rapid growth of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants connected to the grid has introduced new problems related to the safe and reliable operation of the electricity network from transmission to distribution sectors. New regulatory rules can promote RES producers to make a commitment on the energy amount that is likely to be supplied to the network. The present paper concerns the analysis of the energy production of a PV power plant from the economic point of view, with reference to the presence of regulatory rules. Costs of penalty and value of energy are compared, in order to evaluate the economic efficiency of the plant. Use of auxiliary energy storage devices is investigated, with the aim to determine the relevant dimensions that increase the economic efficiency of the PV plant. A software instrument that implements these algorithms is described and applied to a case study.     

Report of the treasurer: 1989: The 1980s: A roller coaster decade for APA finances.

This report of the Treasurer provides information on the American Psychological Association's (APA) financial operations for the 1980s. From a financial perspective, the 1980s was unquestionably the most turbulent in the history of the APA. This report focuses on the revenues and expenses of the APA throughout the 1980s while giving a summary and conclusion of all the finances at the end of the report. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Report of the Treasurer: 1981. The end of a treasurership!

I am beginning to believe in the myth that all good things must come to an end as I near the end of my tenure (nine years in all) as APA treasurer. It has been my distinct pleasure to serve the APA membership in this capacity during a period when APA's "net worth" has increased from $1,043,732 in 1973 to $2,417,666 in 1980. In fact, by the time I officially leave this office, our net worth will be approaching the $3 million plateau. To put this growth in net worth in perspective, it took about 82 years for APA to build its net worth to $1,043,732, while it has only taken nine years (1973-1982) to go from $1,043,732 to nearly $3,000,000. This solidification of APA's financial foundation has been accomplished during a period in our economy when double-digit inflation rates have been commonplace. It has only been possible with the universal support of the entire APA governance system, including the special efforts of the Board of Directors, the Finance Committee, the Investment Committee, the executive officer, and the Central Office management team. This article provides an in-depth look into the recent financial success of APA. Topics discussed include: information concerning revenues for 1980, the expected surplus of 1981, and future budget plans for 1982. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

全球PCB产业发展近况

文章介绍了全球PCB产业发展近况，主要包括世界各地区PCB的产值、市场占有率、全球顶尖PCB制造企业现状和未来发展机会。     

The impact of residential photovoltaic power on electricity sales revenues in Cape Town,South Africa

In South Africa, electricity is provided as a public service by municipalities. The combination of (a) rising electricity rates, (b) decreasing photovoltaic technology costs, and (c) a progressive tariff system (under which wealthier households support low tariff rates for indigent residents) leads to incentives for high-income households to cover part of their electricity demand by self-produced photovoltaic (solar) electricity. This development is simulated with hourly load profiles and radiation data, and an optimization model for a case study in Cape Town through the year 2030. Results indicate that the majority of higher-income residents are incentivized to invest in photovoltaic power production by 2020 and additionally use home battery systems by 2028. This leads to a steadily increasing gap between revenues and expenditure needs in the budget of the municipality. The budget gap can be reduced by replacing the energy-based tariff with a revenue-neutral fixed network-connection fee implementation of which is particularly effective in reducing incentives to invest in storage.     

A probabilistic model for assessing the long-term economics of wind energy

Understanding the long-term economic impact of wind energy on electricity markets is becoming more important due to the increasing penetration of wind power in the generation mix of power systems. In this paper, we evaluate the economics of wind energy by developing a probabilistic model to compute the long-term probability distribution of market clearing prices and wind farm revenues. The power system is assumed to consist of conventional generating units and wind farms. Availabilities of the generating units and the uncertainty in the wind power output are implicitly accounted for. The effect of increasing wind power penetration on the probability distribution functions of the market price and wind farm revenues is evaluated by changing the rated capacity of the wind farm. The model is illustrated by using a power system with a 32-unit and wind farms. The superiority of the proposed probabilistic model over a deterministic one is confirmed.     

全球PCB产业和顶尖PCB企业现状分析(2011)

主要分析了目前全球各国家/地区PCB的产值、市场占有率、全球顶尖PCB企业名单、运营现状和未来发展机会。