Investigations on Selectivity of Gas-Liquid Reactions in Capillaries

Biocatalysis offers a broad spectrum of possible ecological and economic advantages over conventional chemical catalysis processes, e.g., lower energy consumption and high enantio selectivity. The focus of this work is on gas-liquid reactions. These are of great importance in the chemical and biochemical industry and subject of current research since they are often limited by mass transfer or show low selectivity. Different suitable biocatalytically gas-liquid reaction systems were tested in capillary reactor designs in order to obtain information about the interaction between reaction and fluid mechanics. Furthermore, an optical measuring method was established. The experiments were performed in batch mode in a glass beaker with a flow cuvette for UV/Vis measurement of product concentration.     

Iron Loss Calculation of AC Filter Inductor for Three‐Phase PWM Inverters

In recent years, remarkable advancement of new power semiconductor devices, such as SiC and GaN, enables the increase of switching frequency of power converters, and hence the volume of passive components, such as ac filters and transformers, can be reduced. However, temperature rise caused by the inductor loss is increasing, and hence iron loss evaluation of the inductor is one of the most important issues to realize high power density converters. Conventionally, an improved generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) has proposed in order to calculate the iron loss under a pulse voltage magnetizing condition. However, accurate iron loss calculation of the ac filter inductor used in a PWM inverter cannot be realized. The authors have proposed two methods of iron loss evaluation of ac filter inductors. The first one is a loss map method which can calculate the iron loss without using a real PWM inverter. Another one is an ILA (Inductor Loss Analyzer) which can measure the iron loss in every switching period in a real PWM inverter. In this paper, comparisons of the iron loss between the ILA and the loss map method on both the single‐phase and three‐phase inverters are studied. It is found that iron loss of the ac filter inductor in the three‐phase PWM inverter which is calculated by the loss map method cause a large error on a specific condition. In order to prevent the calculation error, the authors proposed a revised loss map method and proved the effectiveness of the method.     

Application of differential evolution for cascaded multilevel VSI with harmonics elimination PWM switching

Harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (HEPWM) method has been widely applied to multilevel voltage source inverter (MVSI) to remove low frequency harmonics from its output voltage. However, the computation of the HEPWM switching angles for MVSI is very challenging due to several constraints, namely angle sequencing, very tight angular spacing and the numerous possibilities of angles distribution ratio. Realizing the potential of Differential Evolution (DE) to handle complex problems, this work proposes its application to solve the HEPWM problem for cascaded MVSI. Its emphasis is on improving the availability of HEPWM for higher output voltage by extending the maximum range of modulation index (M). It also removes the discontinuities in the switching angles and reduces the number of distribution ratio required to obtain the required solution. Compared to the most advanced (similar) work, i.e., 7-level MVSI with seventeen switching angles, DE covers a wider range of M; the maximum achievable M is 2.80. Furthermore, it exhibits very low second order distortion factor (DF₂): for the worst case, the value of DF₂ is 0.0014%. To verify the viability of the proposed algorithm, simulation is carried out and hardware prototype is constructed. Both results show very good agreement with the theoretical prediction.     

Restraint Method for Overcoming Heating Irregularity and Improving Heating Equipment Efficiency for Beverage Cans Using High‐Frequency Induction Heating

We were able to reduce heating irregularities in equipment for heating beverage cans by using the high‐frequency induction heating method and determining the resulting improvement in the heating efficiency. The heating irregularity between the top and bottom of the can was reduced to less than 3°C by improving the arrangement of the heating coils for the beverage can by thinning the winding and changing the circuit configuration. The efficiency of power conversion was improved from 93.0% to 97.4%. In this paper, the configuration of the equipment and the experimental results are reported.     

Integrated circuit and system design for renewable energy inverters

This study proposes that a novel integrated circuit (IC) and system design for renewable energy inverters can harvest renewable energy to power direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) loads. In addition, an intelligent synthesis and management tool is developed to design the proposed system and to judge the system’s operational maintenance decisions. Finally, a renewable energy inverter’s information is posted to an online system. Users can obtain the proposed system’s information at any time and place. The accurate and superior performance of the proposed IC and system is confirmed by computer simulations and experimental results.     

Verification of Iron Loss Calculation Method Using a High‐Precision Iron Loss Analyzer

Because of the improved performance of power devices, the volume of the ac filter inductors used in high‐frequency PWM inverters has been reduced. However, the temperature rise in the filter inductor due to this miniaturization has become more pronounced. Therefore, we have proposed an iron loss calculation method for the ac filter inductor. However, the accuracy of the value calculated via the loss map method cannot be verified, because the iron loss arising during each switching period cannot be measured with conventional power measuring instruments. In order to resolve this problem, we developed an inductor loss analyzer (ILA), which allows precise measurement of the iron loss in the inductor during each switching period. The accuracy of the calculation of iron loss in the filter inductor by the loss map method was verified with the ILA. We found that the value calculated by the loss map method differed slightly from the value measured with the ILA. However, these differences can be reduced if we take into account the accurate flux density calculation and the effect of the duty ratio of PWM pulses on the loss. Finally, we verified that the loss map method can provide accurate iron loss calculations.     

Direct model-based predictive control scheme without cost function for voltage source inverters with reduced common-mode voltage

This paper presents a direct model-based predictive control scheme for voltage source inverters (VSIs) with reduced common-mode voltages (CMVs). The developed method directly finds optimal vectors without using repetitive calculation of a cost function. To adjust output currents with the CMVs in the range of –V_dc/6 to +V_dc/6, the developed method uses voltage vectors, as finite control resources, excluding zero voltage vectors which produce the CMVs in the VSI within ±V_dc/2. In a model-based predictive control (MPC), not using zero voltage vectors increases the output current ripples and the current errors. To alleviate these problems, the developed method uses two non-zero voltage vectors in one sampling step. In addition, the voltage vectors scheduled to be used are directly selected at every sampling step once the developed method calculates the future reference voltage vector, saving the efforts of repeatedly calculating the cost function. And the two non-zero voltage vectors are optimally allocated to make the output current approach the reference current as close as possible. Thus, low CMV, rapid current-following capability and sufficient output current ripple performance are attained by the developed method. The results of a simulation and an experiment verify the effectiveness of the developed method.     

基于虚拟三相算法的微网三相逆变器控制

针对微电网中非隔离型三电平三相三桥臂逆变器采用传统矢量控制时并网电流总谐波畸变（total harmonic distortion, THD）和离网时输出电压THD较高、微网缺相故障时无法运行的问题，提出了基于虚拟三相算法的微电网三相逆变器控制。该控制采用基于一阶惯性环节的虚拟三相算法，对逆变器控制所需的电压、电流每一相采样值构造成虚拟的三相对称矢量，并使用所得的虚拟三相矢量进行矢量控制。该控制将逆变器的三相控制分解成为独立的三个单相控制，可在微网缺相时正常运行，基于虚拟三相矢量每个单相控制可实现矢量控制并获得矢量控制带来的高控制精度和快速响应速度，从而减小逆变器并网/离网运行模式时输出电流/电压的THD。采用MATLAB/ Simulink数字仿真软件进行了该控制方法实际效果的仿真试验，结果验证了该控制方法的有效性。     

非隔离并网逆变器进网电流直流分量抑制策略参数优化设计

非隔离并网逆变器存在向电网注入直流电流的风险。而现有针对该问题的虚拟电容法的控制器参数选择未兼顾进网电流控制器的稳态和动态性能。为此,提出一种比例谐振和虚拟电容(PR+C)控制器参数优化方法。首先,通过控制系统传递函数分析了虚拟电容和PR控制器之间的相互影响,并由幅值和相位裕度约束系统稳定性,初步给出参数选择范围。其次,定义了表征基波电流跟踪性能和直流抑制效果的3个指标,通过客观赋权法得到目标函数后在选择范围内进行优化参数求解。最后,通过样机实验对比不同控制参数下的控制性能,验证了优化参数的有效性。最终结果表明,所提参数优化过程简单明了,能够客观地权衡直流分量抑制效果和进网电流跟踪能力。     

三相四开关逆变桥与两相电机驱动器的相似性研究

本文利用磁链轨迹控制方法分析了四开关三相逆变桥与两相电机驱动器的相似性.研究表明:由于三相四开关逆变桥只有两相控制绕组完全独立,其基本电压控制矢量组相互垂直,分别控制两组矢量可产生相互垂直的磁场,因此相似于具有垂直磁场控制的两相电机驱动器.利用这一相似性可以简化感应电动机低成本变频调速器的闭环控制.