Traceability technologies for farm animals and their products in China

The history of traceability reveals that nomadic herders as early as 1000 BCE marked livestock with irons and ear incisions in order to protect against thefts. Nowadays, we build traceability systems to document the origin of foods, and in order to ensure safer foods when tracking and recalling products. A holistic traceability system includes, as a minimum, identification elements, databases and an information flow. The animal identification elements refers to body marks, ear tags, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, retina image recognition, or DNA fingerprinting. The product identification refers to barcodes (EAN UCC, PLU, and GS1), 2D barcodes (QR, VC, and DM) and RFID or Electronic Product Code (EPC). The present review describes existing and upcoming traceability technologies for farm animals and their products, to update the common methods for information collection and data inquiry, with the view to expound traceability policies and regulations between developed and developing countries. The benefits of the new technologies and their practical limitations are also discussed.     

建立乳品质量安全追溯体系的必要性及建议

乳品质量安全追溯体系作为乳品质量安全管理的有效手段,越来越受到有关部门和广大消费者的关注。本文从乳品的重要营养作用、乳品行业的重要经济作用、乳产品的特殊性,以及乳品质量安全追溯体系的重要保障作用等方面论证了建立乳品质量安全追溯体系的必要性,并针对体系建设提出一些政策建议。     

稳定同位素溯源技术在肉类产品中的应用研究进展

近年来,国际上发生了一系列重大的食品安全事件,使得消费者对食品安全的信任度下降,对食品来源的关注逐渐增加。为了保证食品安全,各国施行食品质量安全可追溯制。稳定同位素溯源技术过去已在食品生产的某些领域得到成功应用,近年来在肉制品中的研究增多。文中系统阐述了稳定同位素溯源技术的基本原理,在肉类产品中应用的国内外研究进展,并对此技术应用的前景及今后研究的方向作了初步介绍。     

肉类食品安全追溯系统中的流程优化建模

质量安全追溯体系的建立是保证我国肉类食品安全的根本出路,肉类食品生产、加工工序复杂、繁多,影响了质量安全追溯信息的准确采集与传输.本文在对肉类食品供应链追溯单元识别与质量传递关系分析的基础上,确定了肉类食品供应链追溯单元的活动形式,以追溯单元的变迁过程为依据,对肉类食品追溯系统流程进行了优化,为追溯系统开发建立了基础.     

Post-slaughter traceability

Traceability programs can cover the whole of life, or parts of it, for individual animals or groups/lots of animals. Of 13 country or community traceability programs for cattle/beef, 11 are mandatory (4 encompass, or are scheduled to encompass, birth to retail; 7 cover birth to slaughter) while 2 are voluntary and encompass birth to slaughter. Of 10 country or community traceability programs for swine/pork, 2 are mandatory (1 covers birth to retail; 1 covers birth to slaughter) while 8 are voluntary. Of 6 country or community traceability programs for sheep/sheep-meat, 3 are mandatory (1 encompasses birth to retail; 2 encompass birth to slaughter) while 3 are voluntary. Mandatory birth to retail programs that include "post-slaughter individual animal identification (IAID) traceability" have been implemented for cattle/beef, swine/pork and sheep/sheep-meat by the European Union and for cattle/beef by Japan. Many of the voluntary as well as mandatory, birth to slaughter traceability programs for all three species are presumed (though that is not specified) to include "post-slaughter group/lot identification (GLID) traceability" - e.g., those qualifying products for shipment to the European Union. "Post-slaughter IAID traceability" can be accomplished in very-small, small, medium, large and very-large packing plants using single-carcass processing units, tagging and separation/segregation, and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting technology but all of these approaches are time-consuming and costly; and, to-date, in most countries, there has been no reason compelling enough to cause industry to adopt such protocols or technology.     

A comparative study of different DNA barcoding markers for the identification of some members of Lamiacaea

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the efficacy of a DNA barcoding approach as a tool for the recognition of commercial kitchen spices belonging to the Lamiaceae family that are usually sold as enhancers of food flavor. A total of 64 spices samples, encompassing six different genera (i.e. Mentha, Ocimum, Origanum, Salvia, Thymus and Rosmarinus) were processed with a classical DNA barcoding approach by amplifying and sequencing four candidate barcode regions (rpoB, rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA) with universal primers. Results suggest that the non-coding trnH-psbA intergenic spacer is the most suitable marker for molecular spices identification followed by matK, with interspecific genetic distance values ranging between about 0% to 7% and 0% to 5%, respectively. Both markers were almost invariably able to distinguish spices species from closest taxa with the exclusion of samples belonging to the genus Oregano. Moreover, in a context of food traceability the two markers are useful to identify commercial processed spice species (sold as dried plant material). We also evaluated the potential benefits of a multilocus barcode approach over a single-marker and although the most suitable combination was the matK + trhH-psbA, the observed genetic distances values were very similar to the discriminatory performance of the trnH-psbA. Finally, this preliminary work provide clear evidences that the efficacy of a DNA barcoding approach to the recognition of commercial spices is biased by the occurrence of taxonomic criticisms as well as traces of hybridization events within the family Lamiaceae. For this reason, to better define a more practical and standardized DNA barcoding tool for spices traceability, the building of a dedicated aromatic plants database in which all species and cultivars are described (both morphologically and molecularly) is strongly required.     

液相色谱-质谱联用测定蛋粉中胆固醇含量

建立了液相色谱-大气压化学电离-同位素稀释质谱法测定蛋粉中的胆固醇含量的方法。本方法采用选择离子模式检测,用括弧法对蛋粉胆固醇进行定量计算。通过胆固醇一级标准物质保证测量过程的溯源性,通过采用添加胆固醇同位素标记物作为内标减少了样品前处理过程和液相色谱-质谱测定时物质响应所产生的误差,提高了测量结果的准确性。本方法具有较高的测量准确度和精密度,可作为复杂基体胆固醇测定的高准确度测定方法。     

标准物质的管理与量值溯源

标准物质是实行法制管理的计量标准。本文重点介绍了我国标准物质的分级、编号、分类及管理；并详细阐述了我国标准物质溯源体系和定值，测量结果的溯源性。