Variable sorting based on fault tree structure adjustment for multi-valued decision diagrams

The dynamic fault tree does not have the ability of fault calculation when analyzing the reliability of the system, so it needs to be modeled and analyzed by means of multi-valued decision diagrams and so on. The dynamic fault tree is translated into a multi-valued decision diagram according to the ordering of variables of basic events which affects the size of the generated multi-valued decision diagram and the cost of traversal to get cut sequences. An adjustment method of the dynamic fault tree structure is proposed based on the importance degree of repeated events, dynamic gates and the locations of events of the dynamic fault tree. By taking the fact that the basic events at the same level are equally important into account, an improved dynamic variable ordering method and ordering generation algorithm for the multi-valued decision diagram are presented in this paper. The result analysis of an example shows that the improved dynamic variable ordering method can reduce the size of the multi-valued decision diagram and space and time complexity of the reliability calculation compared to the similar methods.     

Drained Deformation Behavior of Anisotropic Sands during Cyclic Rotation of Principal Stress Axes

A series of drained tests for sands with inherent fabric anisotropy were conducted with an automatic hollow cylinder apparatus. The samples were subjected to cyclic rotation of principal stress axes while the magnitudes of effective principal stresses were maintained constant. The evolution of strain components and the volumetric strain with number of cycles, the relationship between the shear stress and shear strain components, and the flow rule of sands were investigated. It is found that plastic deformation is induced due to principal stress axes’ rotation alone without variation in the magnitudes of effective principal stresses. The contractive volumetric strain accumulates steadily with the increasing number of cycles; however, its accumulation rate is lowered with its progressive accumulation. The results also exhibit obvious noncoaxiality between the directions of strain increment and stress, and the noncoaxiality shows segmentation characteristics during the rotation of principal stress axes. Meanwhile, special attention was paid to the significant role of the intermediate principal stress parameter b [b = (σ2′?σ3′)/(σ1′?σ3′)] in the deformation behavior of sands during cyclic rotation of principal stress axes. It is found that the volumetric strain and the shear modulus ratio of the jth cycle to the first cycle increase with the increase in the b value under otherwise identical conditions. The effects of the relative density, effective mean normal stress, and deviatoric stress ratio on sand deformation behavior are also addressed in this work.     

基于接口自动机的列车通信设备测试用例生成

列车通信设备是一种嵌入式系统。有效地测试这类设备是列车运行系统质量保证的重要手段。嵌入式系统测试的重要任务之一是有效地生成测试用例。文中提出基于接口自动机(Interface Automata)技术自动生成列车通信设备的测试用例。现有的接口自动机技术只支持同步消息的发送与接收,而列车通信设备还需要处理异步消息的发送与接收。为此,文中对接口自动机理论进行了扩展,以便支持列车通信设备异步消息通信的需求。依据列车通信网络的规范,文中使用扩展了的接口自动机对列车通信模块及通信模块的组合作了形式化建模,依据测试覆盖准则,自动生成测试序列,并利用模型驱动技术自动生成测试脚本。文中比较了手工生成测试用例方法及所提出的自动生成测试用例技术,展示后者从测试覆盖、时间节约方面的有效性。     

Expected value of fuzzy variable and fuzzy expected value models

This paper will present a novel concept of expected values of fuzzy variables, which is essentially a type of Choquet integral and coincides with that of random variables. In order to calculate the expected value of general fuzzy variable, a fuzzy simulation technique is also designed. Finally, we construct a spectrum of fuzzy expected value models, and integrate fuzzy simulation, neural network, and genetic algorithms to produce a hybrid intelligent algorithm for solving general fuzzy expected value models.     

Effect of acid-treatment and colloidal-processing conditions on the room temperature mechanical and electrical properties of 3YTZP/MWNT ceramic nanocomposites

Different colloidal powder processing routines have been used to prepare composites of 3 mol% Y₂O₃ -ZrO₂ (tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, 3YTZP) with 2.5 vol% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) with the aim of achieving a homogeneous distribution of the MWNTs in the ceramic, eliminating agglomerates but also minimizing carbon nanotube (CNT) damage during processing. Modifications of the acid treatment applied to the nanotubes, including subjecting them to stirring or ultrasonic agitation, and use of acid or basic pH during composite powder mixing have been approached.No MWNT damage during processing was detected by Raman spectroscopy. CNT bundles were found in all the composites forming different patterns depending on the processing route. Similar values of hardness were obtained for all the composites, while different anisotropy in fracture propagation was found when studying parallel and perpendicular directions to the sintering pressing axis on the cross sections of the composites due to the MWNT preferential alignment. The CNT bundles were found to act as fracture short paths. A similar anisotropic behavior was observed for the electrical conductivity. These results have been correlated to the different microstructures obtained in the composites prepared with different processing routines.     

Using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the provenance of the cobalt pigment of Qinghua porcelain from Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty of China (1271–1368AD)

The provenance of cobalt mineral of the blue decoration in Yuan Qinghua porcelain would reveal the technological and cultural interaction between ancient China and the Islamic world. However, the limitation of conventional methods in the determining trace elements of the blue decoration hampered the deep research on provenance of the cobalt mineral. In the paper, we employed the good advantage of Laser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the major element and trace elements of blue decoration of the different type of Qinghua successfully. The blue decoration of all different types of samples shared the same characteristics of higher FeO and lower Mn, which suggested the potter adopted the non-native cobalt material of China to paint the Yuan Qinghua in Jingdezheng, and the difference on the outside appearance of blue decoration of different samples were supposed to be related to the tenor of ore, the different treatment process of cobalt material and the firing process in the kiln. In addition, the significant differences on the element concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zr and Sb in the blue decoration between Yuan Qinghua and the Islamic blue and white wares of 13–14th century provided a new evidence to discuss the provenance of the cobalt of Yuan Qinghua porcelain.     

Cr对低合金MnCrB系贝氏体铸钢组织及耐磨性能的影响

对低合金Mn Cr B系铸钢进行了试验研究,设计了三种Cr含量(0.3%,0.6%,1.2%)的低合金Mn Cr B系铸钢,主要研究Cr含量对Mn Cr B系铸钢显微组织及耐磨性能的影响。试验铸钢采用中频感应炉熔炼后浇注成标准Y型试块,将试样在850℃奥氏体化后空冷至室温随后在220℃回火,对其显微组织及三体磨损性能进行分析。结果表明,Cr含量低(0.3%,0.6%)时,试验钢的组织为粒状贝氏体及少量贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,随着Cr含量的增加,试验钢的硬度增加,但是冲击性能下降。Cr含量为0.6%的空冷Mn Cr B系贝氏体铸钢拥有良好的强韧性配合,同时,其耐磨性能高于高锰钢30%。研究结果表明,低合金Mn Cr B系铸钢在空冷回火的热处理方式下具有良好的力学性能及耐磨损性能,是一种经济环保的新型耐磨铸钢。     

Imitation of ancient black-glazed Jian bowls (Yohen Tenmoku): Fabrication and characterization

Yohen Tenmoku is a kind of famous black glazed Jian bowls made in ancient China. Here, imitations of Oil Spot Yohen Tenmoku were sintered at about 1280 °C in a shuttle kiln with oxygen flow. Microstructure characteristics and chemical compositions were investigated by a combination of X-ray based and photon based characterization methods. The results showed that quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phases in the bowl bodies. At the glaze surface of the bowl, the highly reflective red iridescence and the silvery appearance of Oil Spot patterns were resulted from the precipitation of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystals. A detailed study has revealed the partially ordered microstructure within one Oil Spot which produced the striking optical effects.     

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Waste Biomass of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The kinetics, equilibriums, and thermodynamics of metal ion (Pb2+, Ag2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Sr2+, and Cs+) biosorption by the waste yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a local brewery were investigated. The results showed that the biosorption of these metal ions on the biomass was a very rapid process, following the pseudo-second-order equation gave the better fitting results in describing the kinetic data than the pseudo-first-order equation. The equilibrium data could be fitted well with the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model followed Pb>Ag>Cu>Zn>Co>Sr>Cs (based on mmol?g?1). The biosorption process by the yeast was favorable for these metal ions removal according to the constant separation factor (0相似文献