A NEW MEASURE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE BED SHEAR STRESS OF WAVE BOUNDARY LAYER IN WAVE FLUME

In this article, a shear plate was mounted on the bottom in a wave flume and direct measurements of the smooth and rough bed shear stress under regular and irregular waves were conducted with the horizontal force exerted on the shear plates by the bottom shear stress in the wave boundary layer. Under immobile bed condition, grains of sand were glued uniformly and tightly onto the shear plate, being prevented from motion with the fluid flow and generation of sand ripples. The distribution of the bottom mean shear stress varying with time was measured by examining the interaction between the shear plate and shear transducers. The relation between the force measured by the shear transducers and its voltage is a linear one. Simultaneous measurements of the bottom velocity were carried out by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), while the whole process was completely controlled by computers, bottom shear stress and velocity were synchronously measured. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that (1) the friction coefficient groews considerably with the increase of the Reynolds number, (2) the shear stress is a function varying with time and linearly proportional to the velocity. Compared with theoretical results and previous experimental data, it is shown that the experimental method is feasible and effective, A further study on the bed shear stress under regular or irregular waves can be carried out. And applicability to the laboratory studies on the initiation of sediments and the measurement of the shear stress after sediment imigration.     

考虑初始缺陷的混凝土压缩试验

以混凝土损伤理论为基础,通过进行混凝土单轴压缩试验,研究考虑初始缺陷的混凝土相关力学性能.通过对试验结果的分析,在此基础上提出较为合理的混凝土本构模型.文中混凝土损伤本构模型的建立,首先找出理想无损状态应力,即有效应力的表达式,然后根据试验结果求出损伤演化规律,最后得到最终的混凝土损伤本构方程.文中的混凝土本构模型可以较好地体现混凝土在各个阶段的受力特征.     

扩展有限元法中摩擦接触条件的施加

对于裂纹等不连续问题,常规有限元法通常需对裂纹尖端进行局部网格加密,且在模拟裂纹扩展过程中需进行网格重构.扩展有限元法基于单位分解的思想,将一些加强函数加入到常规有限元法位移模式中,能有效地求解不连续问题.对于复合裂纹及裂纹受压的情况,通常需考虑裂纹面间的接触问题,以避免裂纹面发生相互嵌入.本文将砂浆法与罚函数法相结合,用于扩展有限元法中裂纹面之间摩擦接触条件的施加.数值结果表明,该方法能有效的阻止裂纹面间的相互嵌入,且与其它数值方法求解结果相一致.     

一种新的用于各向同性损伤模型的四参数等效应变

基于Hsieh-Ting-Chen强度破坏准则的思想,提出由于求解混凝土各向同性损伤模量的等效应变。首先通过混凝土试件材料特性以及强度试验资料来确定四参数,然后求解出由多轴应力状态下的应变退化得到的等效应变以及相应的损伤模量。对一混凝土立方体试件进行有限元分析,计算结果表明:采用该等效应变计算所得的应力应变曲线与试验曲线吻合性较好,从而说明了该等效应变的合理性,并且可说明利用该等效应变的损伤模型不但可以描述单轴应力状态下混凝土破坏的全过程曲线,而且能描述多轴应力状态下混凝土破坏的全过程曲线。该等效应变形式单一,计算简单。     

Elastic Anisotropic Viscoplastic Modeling of the Strain-Rate-Dependent Stress–Strain Behavior of K0-Consolidated Natural Marine Clays in Triaxial Shear Tests

This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic elastic viscoplastic (EVP) model for the time-dependent stress–strain behavior of K0-consolidated marine clays. A nonlinear creep function with a limit for the creep volumetric strain under an isotropic or odometer K0-consolidated stressing condition and a nonsymmetrical elliptical loading locus are incorporated in the 3D anisotropic EVP model. An α-line defines the inclination of the nonsymmetrical elliptical loading locus in the p′-q plane and is commonly used for natural soils. All model parameters are determined from the results of one set of consolidated undrained compression tests and an isotropic consolidation/creep test. With the parameters determined, the 3D anisotropic EVP model is used to simulate the behavior of K0-consolidation tests and the strain-rate-dependent stress–strain behaviors of the K0-consolidated triaxial compression and extension tests on natural Hong Kong marine deposit clay specimens. These triaxial K0-consolidated specimens were sheared at step-changed axial strain rates from +2?to?+0.2, +20, ?2 (unloading) and +2%/h (reloading) for compression tests; or from ?2?to??0.2, ?20, +2 (unloading), and ?2%/h (reloading) for extension tests, all in an undrained condition. The simulation results of all these tests are compared with the test results. The validation and limitations of the model are then evaluated and discussed.     

三峡梯级和清江梯级水电站短期联合优化调度方法研究

针对清江高坝洲水电站下游水位流量关系受长江顶托影响和梯级水库间流量传播处理问题,建立三峡梯级和清江梯级水电站短期联合优化调度模型。根据实测资料构建受长江顶托的高坝洲水电站下游水位流量分段函数关系;采用相关分析法对梯级间实测数据进行率定,构建线性回归方程处理梯级间流量传播的计算。运用正弦轮盘赌选择算子的自适应遗传算法求解模型,克服单纯轮盘赌对适应度非负的要求。不同量级典型日流量过程模拟调度结果表明：三峡梯级和清江梯级联合调度效益增加明显。研究成果对未来三峡梯级与清江梯级水库群日发电计划的编制有借鉴意义。     

Mechanical Behavior and Size Sensitivity of Nanocrystalline Nickel Wires Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The mechanisms of deformation and failure in face-centered cubic (FCC) nickel nanowires subjected to uniaxial tensile loading are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the size effect on mechanical properties of FCC metal nanowires is studied. Simulation reveals that the surface free energy has great influence on the deformation and failure mechanism of metal nanowires. As a result of free surfaces and their reconstruction, the surface atoms depart from the perfect crystal lattice positions, leading to the appearance of nanocavities on the surfaces that are exposed to external load. The deformation process of nanowires undergoes expansion and connection of nanocavities from surface into inner lattices. Slip occurs during the deformation process, which is consistent with experimental phenomena. Elastic stiffness, yield, and fracture strength of nickel nanowires with various cross-sectional sizes are obtained, and the size effect on these mechanical properties is further analyzed. Based on numerical results, a set of quantitative prediction formulas are proposed, and they are capable of explaining the size sensitivity of nickel nanowires on the mechanical properties. Both the elastic modulus and yield strength of nickel nanowires are in a linear relationship with respect to the logarithm of their cross-sectional size, whereas the fracture strength exhibits an inverse relationship to the exponent of cross-sectional size of nickel nanowires. By using the MD simulation, the elastic modulus, yield strength, and fracture strength of a nickel nanowire in relationship to its cross-sectional size are well predicted, and they are in remarkable agreement with experimental and available numerical results. The present study demonstrates that the adopted MD simulation is capable of simulating the mechanical behavior of nanowires with respect to their geometrical size and providing numerical data that can be used to develop the empirical formulas on the effect of various physical and geometric parameters on their mechanical properties.     

Crack Growth Resistance of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Cement Matrix Composites

The effect of hybrid fiber reinforcement on fracture energy and crack propagation in cement matrix composites is examined. The crack in cement matrix composites is allowed to fracture under mode-I loading with three-point bending beam specimens. The influence of fiber types and their combination is quantified by using the toughness index and fracture energy. A proper hybrid combination of steel fibers and polyvinyl alcohol microfibers enhances the resistance to both the nucleation and growth of the crack. The micromechanical model of hybrid composites by using a fiber bridging law is emphasized, and the numerical model prediction closely matches the behavior obtained from the experiment. The influencing role of the material parameters in the fracture tests (e.g., the fracture toughness index and fracture energy) becomes more apparent than ones used in some conventional strength-based or fiber pullout tests, and these fracture parameters could screen the effect of fiber/microfiber reinforcement in enhancing the crack growth resistance of cementitious composites. This study demonstrates that fundamental fracture tests are effective to characterize and develop high-performance hybrid fiber–reinforced cement matrix composites.     

In Situ Measurements of Settling Velocity near Baimao Shoal in Changjiang Estuary

At the South Branch of the Changjiang Estuary near Baimao Shoal, two in situ approaches were used to estimate the settling velocity, ws, of suspended, fine-grained sediments. The first approach was used when the current was less than 1.5??m/s and was based on measurements from an optical backscatter sensor (OBS-3A) and a laser in situ scattering and transmissometer (LISST-100, Type C). A modification, using the measured ratio of volume concentration for each floc size class to the total volume concentration as a weighting factor. To improve a previously published approach, a better algorthim was implemented to estimate ws. Results of the modified approach (0.4 to 4.6??mm/s) are about twice those of the original approach, which assumes that all sizes of flocs have the same floc density. The second approach used the Rouse equation to estimate the depth-averaged ws when the current was strong and nearly steady around maximum ebb. Results from the second approach show a much greater depth-averaged ws (4–8.5??mm/s). This is attributed to the large bed shear stresses (between 3 and 3.6?Pa) bringing large sediments into the water column.     

栅格型新安江模型的研究

根据新安江模型理论,构造了基于栅格的新安江模型,该模型以DEM栅格为计算单元,考虑栅格之间的水量交换以及河道排水网络的影响,并将模型用于钱塘江支流密赛流域以及淮河息县流域的洪水模拟计算,结果表明,该模型可以很好的应用上述两个流域进行洪水模拟,其模拟精度与传统新安江模型的模拟精度相当.栅格型新安江模型可以很好的模拟流域水文过程的空间分布,通过比较几次洪水的产流面积变化过程可以看出,栅格型新安江模型的模拟结果与新安江模型的模拟结果基本一致,证明了该模型的合理性.