Extensions of LDA by PCA mixture model and class-wise features

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a data discrimination technique that seeks transformation to maximize the ratio of the between-class scatter and the within-class scatter. While it has been successfully applied to several applications, it has two limitations, both concerning the underfitting problem. First, it fails to discriminate data with complex distributions since all data in each class are assumed to be distributed in the Gaussian manner. Second, it can lose class-wise information, since it produces only one transformation over the entire range of classes. We propose three extensions of LDA to overcome the above problems. The first extension overcomes the first problem by modelling the within-class scatter using a PCA mixture model that can represent more complex distribution. The second extension overcomes the second problem by taking different transformation for each class in order to provide class-wise features. The third extension combines these two modifications by representing each class in terms of the PCA mixture model and taking different transformation for each mixture component. It is shown that all our proposed extensions of LDA outperform LDA concerning classification errors for synthetic data classification, hand-written digit recognition, and alphabet recognition.     

基于Gabor小波与LBP直方图序列的人脸年龄估计

提出了一种基于Gabor小波和局域二值模式(Local binary pattern,LBP)直方图序列的人脸年龄估计方法。首先对人脸图像提取多方向与多尺度的Gabor幅值域图谱(Gabor magnitude maps,GMMs);然后采用基于局部特征的LBP算子对GMMs编码,并对之分块,由各子块的直方图序列来描述人脸;为进一步降低人脸特征维数,再对人脸直方图序列特征应用主成分分析(PCA);最后使用支持向量机回归(SVR)的LOPO策略对人脸年龄库进行训练和测试。实验结果表明,该方法可以较为快速有效地对人脸图像进行年龄估计。     

横向联邦学习中PCA差分隐私数据发布算法

为了让不同组织在保护本地敏感数据和降维后发布数据隐私的前提下,联合使用PCA进行降维和数据发布,提出横向联邦PCA差分隐私数据发布算法。引入随机种子联合协商方案,在各站点之间以较少通信代价生成相同随机噪声矩阵。提出本地噪声均分方案,将均分噪声加在本地协方差矩阵上。一方面,保护本地数据隐私;另一方面,减少了噪声添加量,并且达到与中心化差分隐私PCA算法相同的噪声水平。理论分析表明,该算法满足差分隐私,保证了本地数据和发布数据的隐私性,较同类算法噪声添加量降低。实验从隐私性和可用性角度评估该算法,证明该算法与同类算法相比具有更高的可用性。     

Coarse head pose estimation of construction equipment operators to formulate dynamic blind spots

Several hundred workers die in construction in the United States every year because equipment operators are unable to see their fellow workers during operation of their vehicle. In this paper we propose a step towards improving this situation by providing an automated method based on range imaging for estimating the coarse head orientation of a construction equipment operator. This research utilizes commercially-available low resolution range cameras to measure the continuously changing field-of-view (FOV) of an equipment operator in outdoor construction. This paper presents a methodology to measure so-called dynamic blind spot maps. The dynamic blind spot map is then projected on a known static equipment blind spot map that already exists to each construction vehicle. A robust computational coarse head pose estimation algorithm and results to three different pieces of construction equipment and multiple operators are presented. The developed method has the potential in automatically determining the spaces around vehicles that are currently not in the field-of-view of the vehicle operator thus providing eventually additional means and technology for improving safety in construction.     

HMM-based state classification of a user with a walking support system using visual PCA features

The improvement of safety and dependability in systems that physically interact with humans requires investigation with respect to the possible states of the user’s motion and an attempt to recognize these states. In this study, we propose a method for real-time visual state classification of a user with a walking support system. The visual features are extracted using principal component analysis and classification is performed by hidden Markov models, both for real-time fall detection (one-class classification) and real-time state recognition (multi-class classification). The algorithms are used in experiments with a passive-type walker robot called “RT Walker” equipped with servo brakes and a depth sensor (Microsoft Kinect). The experiments are performed with 10 subjects, including an experienced physiotherapist who can imitate the walking pattern of the elderly and people with disabilities. The results of the state classification can be used to improve fall-prevention control algorithms for walking support systems. The proposed method can also be used for other vision-based classification applications, which require real-time abnormality detection or state recognition.     

Extraction and implementation of muscle synergies in neuro-mechanical control of upper limb movement

This work faces the redundancy problem, a central concern in robotics, in a particular force-producing task by using muscle synergies to simplify the control. We extracted muscle synergies from human electromyograph signals and interpreted the physical meaning of the identified muscle synergies. Based on the human analysis results, we hypothesized a novel control framework that can explain the mechanism of the human motor control. The framework was tested in controlling a pneumatic-driven robotic arm to perform a reaching task. This control method, which uses only two synergies as manipulated variables for driving antagonistic pneumatic artificial muscles to generate desired movements, would be useful to deal with the redundancy problem; thus, suggesting a simple but efficient control for human-like robots to work safely and compliantly with humans.     

一种基于PCA的MPSK信号码元速率估计方法

针对MPSK信号的码元速率估计问题, 研究了有限数据条件下循环谱的谱线特征受到背景色噪声干扰的现象, 提出了一种基于主分量分析(PCA)的循环谱特征码元速率估计方法。PCA变换抑制了信号循环谱中的背景色噪声, 提高了估计精度, 减小了估计方差。仿真表明, 该方法在有限数据条件下具有良好的估计性能, 适用于不同成形滤波系数的MPSK信号。     

基于KSVD和PCA的SAR图像目标特征提取

提出一种基于核的奇异值分解(KSVD)与主成分分析(PCA)相结合的SAR图像目标的组合特征提取方法。该方法首先利用核的奇异值分解得到图像非线性的代数特征,然后进一步经过PCA变换得到图像的最终分类特征。实验中,将本文提出的KSVD+PCA两步特征提取方法与PCA、SVD、KPCA、KSVD方法分别结合简单、快速的最近邻分类器在MSTAR坦克数据上进行了比较,实验结果表明,KSVD+PCA方法不仅有效地提高了目标的正确识别率,而且大大降低了对目标方位的敏感度,在目标方位信息未知的情况下,识别率可达到95.75%,是一种有效的SAR图像目标特征提取方法。     

基于小波变换和主分量分析的人脸识别

提出了基于小波变换和主分量分析的人脸识别算法.该算法首先用小波变换对人脸图像进行小波分解,形成低频小波子图,然后用主分量分析法构造特征脸子空间,将人脸图像在特征空间的投影作为KNN分类器的输入,由KNN分类器对提取的特征进行识别.在ORL人脸数据库上的实验结果表明该方法具有良好的性能.