Simultaneous production of cellulase and ferulic acid esterase by Penicillium decumbens with rice straw as the sole carbon source

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Nutritional responses and digestive enzymatic profile of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on 10 commercial rice cultivars

The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is an important polyphagous pest of stored grains in the world. Nutritional performance and digestive amylase and protease activity of fifth instar larvae were studied on different commercial rice cultivars (Sadri, Tarom, Neda, Fajr, Nemat, Shafagh, Kadous, Gohar, Gilane, and Khazar) at 33 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 65 ± 5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Larvae fed with cultivar Gilane consumed more food and increased body weight higher than those fed with other cultivars. However, the lowest values of nutritional indices were found in larvae fed with cultivar Khazar. The lightest pupal weight was on cultivars Fajr, Nemat and Sadri. The larval growth index differed from 1.99 to 2.67 on cultivars Khazar and Tarom, respectively. Among various tested cultivars, the highest standardized insect-growth index was on cultivar Gilane, whereas the lowest index was on cultivars Fajr, Nemat and Sadri. Furthermore, the fitness index showed the highest value on cultivars Gilane and Neda, and the lowest on cultivar Sadri. The amylolytic activity was the highest in larvae fed with cultivar Gilane, and the lowest in larvae fed with cultivars Fajr and Khazar. The cultivar Gilane-fed larvae exhibited the highest proteolytic activity as compared with other cultivars. The cluster analysis showed that Nemat, Neda, Fajr and Khazar were the least suitable (partially resistant) cultivars to T. granarium, which could be further investigated to identify proteins that contribute to khapra beetle resistance.     

Effects of three types of modified atmospheric packaging on the physicochemical properties of selected glutinous rice

The effect of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) on the physicochemical properties of selected glutinous (Thadokkham-8 and Thadokkham-11) rice was studied and compared with a non-glutinous rice (Doongara). The freshly harvested/milled grains were packed in four different MAP conditions viz. control, vacuum, CO₂ and N₂ for 12 months at room temperature (23 ± 1 °C). Gas (N₂ or CO₂) was flushed in aluminum bags at the pressure of 300 kPa for 3 s and subsequently hermetically sealed. Vacuum packaging was done at −100 kPa. Results showed that ageing induced changes in the starch granules were less prominent in vacuum and/or MAP samples using CO₂ or N₂. Surface analysis showed that control storage significantly reduced the percentage of lipids and increased the percentage of proteins on the surface in all selected varieties. N₂ and CO₂ storage of TDK8 and DG slowed down the shift of properties of macromolecules and maintained the surface starch/proteins/lipids ratios during 6 months of storage. Moreover, the grains stored in vacuum maintained the lipids with lower proportion of proteins exposed to the surface after cooking. N₂ and CO₂ induced increase in pasting temperature but significant reduction in final viscosity when compared to control. The findings correlated well with thermal analysis. The in situ Thermal Mechanical Compression Test (TMCT) device cooking and texture analysis revealed that modified storage slightly slowed the ageing induced changes in the cooking quality and stickiness of glutinous rice. Among all storage conditions used vacuum was relatively the best to maintain the quality of the grain.     

基于GC-MS与多变量分析方法的不同储藏期大米挥发特征气味的鉴定与识别

通过顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对两个品种的大米(苏软香型米和武育粳米)在陈化过程中的挥发性气体进行分析。本研究采用主成分分析(PCA)载荷因子分析不同储藏时间大米特征挥发气体,其中对不同储藏时间的苏软香型米的贡献率较大的挥发性物质有壬醛,2-甲基丁醛,正己醛,2-戊基呋喃,而区分不同储藏时间的武育粳米的标志性物质有1-辛烯-3醇,正己醛,18-冠醚-6,丙酮,15-冠醚-5。通过相关性分析表明,各挥发气体之间相关性普遍较小。本研究采用主成分分析结合线性判别法(LDA)对两个品种不同储藏期大米进行分析,研究结果表明,当主成分数为6时,不同储藏期大米均被100%识别。此外,本研究采用聚类分析对两个品种不同储藏时间大米进行分类,研究结果表明,十个批次的大米可以被分为苏软香型新米,苏软香型陈米和武育粳米三大类,这较好的验证主成分分析的结果。     

Is farming a belief in Northern Ghana? Exploring the dual-system theory for commerce,culture, religion and technology

Rice production encountered several challenges, especially among rural farmers in Northern Ghana. The current debate encompasses the belief of cultural norms and religious values as the right theory for the sustainability of agriculture. The belief in abstracts is prioritised to the adoption of improved rice. This paper examined the value attached to traditional rice varieties as a result of societal beliefs, and theoretically underpinned by the Dual-system hypothesis. The finding from three ethnic and religious groups through a survey indicates heterogeneity in the results but also demonstrates the factual importance of culture and religion. This paper, therefore, proposes a new way of categorising farming; as a business and a belief and that policy stream aim at small scale, rural farmers with belief peculiarities needs to adopt cultural and religious strategies to promote adoption.     

Validation and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in rice whole grain and rice straw using LC-MS/MS

An efficient analytical method was developed and validated using a modified QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS for the detection and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in rice whole grain and rice straw. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Validation based on five fortification levels showed good recoveries of neonicotinoids ranging from 75% to 116 % and 60% to 105 % for rice whole grain and straw, respectively. The precision ranged between 3% and 17 %, and 2% and 10 % for grain and straw, respectively. The limit of detection was from 0.007 to 0.0084 mg kg^?1 and 0.005 to 0.15 mg kg^?1 and the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.024–0.028 mg kg^?1 and 0.016–0.051 mg kg^?1 for rice whole grain and rice straw, respectively. Monitoring of farm gate samples indicated that, out of 24 samples, 1 rice whole grain sample was contaminated with thiamethoxam residues (0.07 mg kg^?1).     

Hydrogen production enhancement using hot gas cleaning system combined with prepared Ni-based catalyst in biomass gasification

This paper investigates the hot gas temperature effect on enhancing hydrogen generation and minimizing tar yield using zeolite and prepared Ni-based catalysts in rice straw gasification. Results obtained from this work have shown that increasing hot gas temperature and applying catalysts can enhance energy yield efficiency. When zeolite catalyst and hot gas temperature were adjusted from 250 °C to 400 °C, H₂ and CO increased slightly from 7.31% to 14.57%–8.03% and 17.34%, respectively. The tar removal efficiency varies in the 70%–90% range. When the zeolite was replaced with prepared Ni-based catalysts and hot gas cleaning (HGC) operated at 250 °C, H₂ contents were significantly increased from 6.63% to 12.24% resulting in decreasing the hydrocarbon (tar), and methane content. This implied that NiO could promote the water-gas shift reaction and CH₄ reforming reaction. Under other conditions in which the hot gas temperature was 400 °C, deactivated effects on prepared Ni-based catalyst were observed for inhibiting syngas and tar reduction in the HGC system. The prepared Ni-based catalyst worked at 250 °C demonstrate higher stability, catalyst activity, and less coke decomposition in dry reforming. In summary, the optimum catalytic performance in syngas production and tar elimination was achieved when the catalytic temperature was 250 °C in the presence of prepared Ni-based catalysts, producing 5.92 MJ/kg of lower heating value (LHV) and 73.9% tar removal efficiency.     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中无机砷的不确定度评估

目的评估液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LC-ICPMS)测定大米中无机砷的不确定度。方法采用LC-ICPMS测定大米中As~Ⅲ和As~Ⅴ含量,建立数学模型,并从测量重复性、样品称量、提取液移取体积、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合等方面进行测量不确定度的计算。结果大米样品中As~Ⅲ、As~Ⅴ、i-As的含量分别为0.180、0.014、0.194 mg/kg,在95%的置信区间下,其扩展不确定度为0.003、0.002、0.028 mg/kg, k=2。结论测量过程中的不确定度主要来源于测量的重复性、标准溶液的配制和曲线拟合,需要在测量过程中加以注意。