垂直轴风力机两种翼型气动性能比较研究

叶片是风力机最重要的组成部分,在不同的风能资源情况下,翼型的选择对垂直轴风力机气动特性有着重要的影响。文章分别以NACA0018翼型(对称翼型)和NACA4418翼型(非对称翼型)建立3叶片H型垂直轴风力机二维仿真模型。应用数值模拟的研究方法,从功率系数、单个叶片切向力系数等方面比较两种风力机模型在不同叶尖速比下的气动特性,并采用风洞实验数据验证了流场计算的准确性。CFD计算结果表明:在低叶尖速比下,NACA4418翼型风力机气动特性优于NACA0018翼型风力机,适用于低风速区域;在高叶尖速比下,NACA0018翼型风力机气动特性较好,适用于高风速地区。而且在高叶尖速比时,NACA0018翼型在上风区时,切向力系数平均值要高于NACA4418翼型,在下风区时,NACA418翼型切向力系数平均值高。该研究可为小型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择提供参考。     

基于儒可夫斯基变换的涡轮钻具叶片设计及性能分析

为提高涡轮钻具叶片使用性能和创新叶片设计理论,提出了基于儒可夫斯基保角变换法与经典水力翼型相结合的涡轮钻具叶片设计新方法,以?127涡轮钻具叶片为研究对象,运用搭建的涡轮钻具叶型参数化设计平台和自主设计的涡轮钻具性能测试台架,完成了5种翼型的造型设计,研究了5种叶片流场性能,开展了设计叶片的性能测试实验,对比分析了设计叶片与塔里木油田某型在役?127涡轮叶片的实际效能。实验及仿真结果表明,基于新方法设计的NACA-0012翼型加厚叶片在600 r/min转速及15 L/s流量的设计工况下,其单级扭矩达5.83 N·m,较相同条件下某在役?127涡轮的单级扭矩提高约6.4%,级效率提高约1.16%,整体性能有了实质提升。     

基于气动性能与刚度特性的风力机翼型优化设计

结合翼型泛函集成理论与叶片截面刚度矩阵数学计算模型,提出了风力机中等厚度翼型气动性能与结构刚度特性的一体化设计方法,实现了翼型气动性能与叶片截面刚度特性的同时提高。对考虑叶片截面铺层参数变化设计的WQ-B300翼型与DU97-W-300翼型进行了气动性能与结构刚度特性对比分析,结果表明:相比于DU97-W-300翼型,WQ-B300翼型的气动性能与叶片截面刚度性能均有显著提高,其挥舞刚度和摆振刚度分别提高了6.2%和8.4%,验证了该设计方法的可行性,给风力机中等厚度及大厚度翼型设计提供了一种思路。     

气动弹片对翼型气动及噪声特性的影响

在NACA0018翼型吸力面布置固定气动弹片后，比较了原始翼型和弹片翼型的气动性能及噪声特性。采用数值模拟方法，在6°～24°范围内计算攻角气动弹片对翼型气动性能及噪声特性的影响，并分析了其流动控制机理。结果表明：气动弹片在大攻角下的效果较好，升力系数可提高37.11%，且可减缓流动分离向前缘发展，提高气流下洗能力；攻角较大时，气动弹片可以减小翼型在接收点处的噪声总声压级的4.23%，且翼型噪声总声压级在指向性分布上呈现偶极子特性。     

低雷诺数旋翼翼型气动性能多目标优化

根据旋翼在低雷诺数下的气动特点,发展了一种基于遗传算法的低雷诺数旋翼翼型多目标优化设计方法。采用Hicks-Henne函数对翼型进行参数化处理。根据实际工况,建立旋翼翼型气动优化的数学模型。使用遗传算子与目标函数自适应方法,解决了翼型集在优化后期无法持续优化的问题。以NACA0012作为优化基准翼型,在满足预定约束的情况下,优化后的翼型相比基准翼型气动性能有较大幅度提高,符合预定的优化目标。     

低雷诺数翼型的气动外形优化设计

在雷诺数Re=3×10^5条件下,利用遗传算法对翼型S826进行了气动外形优化设计。优化过程中,为了防止尾缘厚度太小,缩小了影响尾缘厚度参数的变化范围,降低了局部的优化幅度。结果显示,优化后的翼型,最佳升阻比提升了约9.9%,气动性有了明显的改善,且优化翼型尾缘厚度基本没有变薄,保证了工程的实用性,说明了利用遗传算法进行低雷诺数翼型气动外形优化的可行性。     

Improved roughness model for turbulent flow in 2D viscous‐inviscid panel methods

The present study presents a modified expression for the turbulent skin friction coefficient ( C _f ) in 2D viscous‐inviscid panel methods. The modified C _f expression includes surface roughness effects and is therefore believed to be an improvement to the modelling of leading edge roughness (LER) effects on airfoils. The basis for the study is the two‐equation viscous formulation used in 2D viscous‐inviscid panel methods, where the standard integral momentum and kinetic energy shape parameter equations are solved together with a number of turbulent closures. One of the closures relates the skin friction coefficient with the shape parameter and the momentum thickness Reynolds number. The relation is derived from Coles' law of the wake, which reasonably accurately describes any 2D turbulent boundary layer velocity profile. This is used to derive a new C _f ‐expression with the Prandtl‐Schlichting sand grain roughness effect included, which is implemented in the Q³UIC code. Simulations on a NACA63‐418 profile with sand grain roughness on the forward part are compared with measurements and show an improved agreement with the measurements.     

Airfoil optimisation for vertical‐axis wind turbines with variable pitch

To advance the design of a multimegawatt vertical‐axis wind turbine (VAWT), application‐specific airfoils need to be developed. In this research, airfoils are tailored for a VAWT with variable pitch. A genetic algorithm is used to optimise the airfoil shape considering a balance between the aerodynamic and structural performance of airfoils. At rotor scale, the aerodynamic objective aims to create the required optimal loading while minimising losses. The structural objective focusses on maximising the bending stiffness. Three airfoils from the Pareto front are selected and analysed using the actuator cylinder model and a prescribed‐wake vortex code. The optimal pitch schedule is determined, and the loadings and power performance are studied for different tip‐speed ratios and solidities. The comparison of the optimised airfoils with similar airfoils from the first generation shows a significant improvement in performance, and this proves the necessity to properly select the airfoil shape.     

Ram‐air kite airfoil and reinforcements optimization for airborne wind energy applications

We present a multidisciplinary design optimization method for the profile and structural reinforcement layout of a ram‐air kite rib. The aim is to minimize the structural elastic energy and to maximize the traction power of a ram‐air kite used for airborne wind energy generation. Because of the large deformations occurring during flight, a fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) routine is included in the optimization, which determines the actual deformed rib geometry and its corresponding aerodynamic characteristics. A qualitative comparison between FSI inclusion and exclusion in the optimization is given. Discrepancies in airfoil profile and structural layout are observed.     

风力机叶片翼型优化设计

为设计出气动性能优异的风力机翼型，运用CST参数化方法表述翼型外形特征以控制翼型型线，利用自适应遗传算法耦合XFOIL软件的翼型优化方法，以翼型NACA 63-215为优化算例，在设计工况下寻优，得到一种升力系数、阻力系数、升阻比、力矩等气动特性均较NACA 63-215更优的翼型，证明了该优化方法的可行性，为风力机翼型优化设计提供了参考。