Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage of 1.3 V and Low Non-Radiative Voltage Loss of 0.16 V

Compared with inorganic or perovskite solar cells, the relatively large non-radiative recombination voltage losses (ΔV_non-rad) in organic solar cells (OSCs) limit the improvement of the open-circuit voltage (V_oc). Herein, OSCs are fabricated by adopting two pairs of D–π–A polymers (PBT1-C/PBT1-C-2Cl and PBDB-T/PBDB-T-2Cl) as electron donors and a wide-bandgap molecule BTA3 as the electron acceptor. In these blends, a charge-transfer state energy (E_CT) as high as 1.70–1.76 eV is achieved, leading to small energetic differences between the singlet excited states and charge-transfer states (ΔE_CT ≈ 0.1 eV). In addition, after introducing chlorine atoms into the π-bridge or the side chain of benzodithiophene (BDT) unit, electroluminescence external quantum efficiencies as high as 1.9 × 10⁻³ and 1.0 × 10⁻³ are realized in OSCs based on PBTI-C-2Cl and PBDB-T-2Cl, respectively. Their corresponding ΔV_non-rad are 0.16 and 0.17 V, which are lower than those of OSCs based on the analog polymers without a chlorine atom (0.21 and 0.24 V for PBT1-C and PBDB-T, respectively), resulting in high V_oc of 1.3 V. The ΔV_non-rad of 0.16 V and V_oc of 1.3 V achieved in PBT1-C-2Cl:BTA3 OSCs are thought to represent the best values for solution-processed OSCs reported in the literature so far.     

粗金粉中金的氯浸-控制电位还原精炼

某冶炼厂氰化金泥还原得到的粗金产品纯度较低，采用氯浸-还原工艺对粗金进行了精炼提纯。在生产工艺中采用盐酸+氯酸钠对粗金进行氯浸溶解，用焦亚硫酸钠控制电位选择性还原浸出液中的金。采用补水-冷却使银和铅从氯浸液充分沉淀析出，通过调整pH值、改变焦亚硫酸钠添加方式、精确控制还原电位等方法，产品金锭达到IC-Au99.99标准。两年的生产实践创造了明显的经济效益。     

Simultaneous extraction of gold and zinc from refractory carbonaceous gold ore by chlorination roasting process

A novel process based on chlorination roasting was proposed to simultaneously recover gold and zinc from refractory carbonaceous gold ore by using NaCl as chlorination agent. The effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and NaCl content on the volatilization rates of gold and zinc were investigated. The reaction mechanism and the phase transition process were also analyzed by means of SEM, EDS and XRD. The results demonstrated that under the optimal conditions of NaCl content of 10%, roasting temperature of 800 °C, roasting time of 4 h and gas flow rate of 1 L/min, the rates of gold and zinc were 92% and 92.56%, respectively. During low-temperature chlorination roasting stage, a certain content of sulfur was beneficial to the chlorination reactions of gold and zinc; and during high-temperature chlorination roasting stage, the crystal structure of vanadium-bearing mica was destroyed, and the vanadium-containing oxides were beneficial to the chlorinating volatilization of gold and zinc. Eventually, the chlorinated volatiles of gold and zinc could be recovered by alkaline solution.     

选择氯化钛铁矿制取人造金红石

研究了选择氯化钛铁矿制取人造金红石反应的Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ－Ｏ２－Ｃｌ２系平衡图,计算了氧与某些氯化物相互作用的自由能变化,采用“通氧一步选择氯化法”,在钛铁矿原料中配加适量的碳,并往炉内通入相应量的氧气或空气,可以解决选择氯化“自热”反应持续进行的技术关键．对反应参数,如温度、配碳量、物料粒度、氯化时间和通氧量等均进行了实验室、半工业和工业化生产试验研究．研究证明,选择氯化过程的动力学模型是“固体颗粒粒度保持不变的缩核反应模型”,动力学区的活化能为３４．３３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ;扩散区的活化能为０．８０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．试验结果表明,这种选择氯化新工艺具有流程短、产能大、产品质量好、成本低、操作简单等优点．研究开发的无筛板沸腾氯化炉可以长期稳定地连续运转,生产出的人造金红石品位为９２．１０％．经摇床和磁选,品位达到９５％,钛的回收率和氯的利用率都大于９５％,床层单位炉产能达１２．４ｔ／ｍ２ｄ．该工艺和设备已成功地应用于工业生产．     

河南郁山-礼庄寨地区铝土矿重力-CSAMT综合成矿预测

郁山-礼庄寨地区处于华北陆块南部，隶属陕县-渑池-新安主要富铝（黏）土矿成矿带东段，是河南省最为重要的优质铝土矿成矿区。分别采用重力测量、可控源音频大地电磁法测量（Controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method，CSAMT）、瞬变电磁测量（Transient electromagnetic measurement，TEM）、地震测量和地面高精度磁法测量在研究区进行了铝土矿深部找矿试验。结果表明：重力测量对于圈定大地构造效果显著，铝土矿床一般分布于重力高与重力低渐变过度带上；CSAMT法能反映奥陶系灰岩层面的起伏变化，可以准确判断铝土矿隐伏空间的分布状态。根据试验结果，优选重力测量和CSAMT法进行综合成矿预测，采用重力测量确定铝土矿成矿有利区，利用CSAMT法在成矿有利区准确判断隐伏灰岩侵蚀面起伏情况，推测铝土矿隐伏空间特征。综合成矿预测结果表明：①研究区铝土矿多分布于靠近古隆起边缘的凹陷区范围内，铝土矿床产于下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩不整合面上，严格受喀斯特地貌控制，侵蚀面上形成大小不等的洼地及溶斗是铝土矿的定位空间；②提交了渑池礼庄寨北、候岭2个大型铝土矿产地和礼庄寨深部找矿靶区1处，其中，礼庄寨北矿产地发现铝土矿矿体3条，提交资源量5 683.02万t；候岭矿产地发现矿体2条，提交资源量9 567.35万t；预测礼庄寨深部找矿靶区矿体埋深300～700 m，有较好的找矿远景；③河南省铝土矿深部成矿预测物探工作方法为重力扫面-CSAMT测量，利用重力扫面确定铝土矿成矿有利区，采用CSAMT剖面测量确定铝土矿隐伏空间特征。     

典型含氮有机物的氯消毒副产物生成潜能研究

污水再生利用是解决我国城市水资源短缺的有效途径，消毒是保证再生水水质安全的必要措施。氯消毒可以有效杀灭病原微生物，但同时也会生成各种具有毒性和“三致”效应的消毒副产物。由于含氮有机物是污水氯消毒副产物的一类重要前体物，故选取20种基本氨基酸为研究对象，考察了它们经氯消毒后生成三氯甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷、1，1-二氯-2-丙酮和1，1，1-三氯-2-丙酮的潜能。结果表明，各种氨基酸的消毒副产物生成潜能与它们的R基结构密切相关，其中R基上带有活性苯环的色氨酸和酪氨酸均表现出了较高的三氯甲烷、卤乙酸和卤乙腈生成潜能。     

硫代硫酸钠脱氯特性及其动力学分析

考察了二级生物处理出水经氯消毒后采用硫代硫酸钠脱氯的效果。结果表明，在氯消毒后初始余氯为10mgCl2／L的条件下，当反应时间为60min、硫代硫酸钠投量由理论投加量的100％增加至500％时，余氯去除率由41．2％增加到95．5％。硫代硫酸钠脱氯过程为分步反应：在最初的1min内，余氯脱除速率最快；反应1min后，自由氯脱除呈现零级反应，一氯胺、有机氯胺为一级反应；自由氯脱除速度快于一氯胺和有机氯胺，无机氯胺和有机氯胺是硫代硫酸钠脱氯反应速率的限制因素。当以硫代硫酸钠作为脱氯剂时，采用普通活性污泥法的污水处理厂需通过提高硫代硫酸钠投加量来实现快速脱氯，而采用生物脱氮工艺且硝化效果良好的污水处理厂只要保证足够的脱氯反应时间即可实现很好的脱氯效果。     

Comportement des acides amines dissous du milieu marin apres injection de chlore

Evidence that dissolved organic matter is one of the most significant sources of chlorine demand of seawaters (Fig. 1) used in cooling circuits is now well recognized. Nevertheless the specific role of the different kinds of compounds which form this organic material has seldom been studied and even less quantified; this is not surprising as less than 20% of the organic substances are identified. In this paper our objective was to define more quantitatively the effect of the dissolved free and combined amino-acids in the oxidant decay. Two main criteria justified the choice of these solutes:

1. (i)|the reactivity of chlorine and/or bromine towards amino groups;

2. (ii)|the role of these nitrogenous compounds in some biological mechanisms.

What happens to the halogen added and to the organic species during the first 20 min was investigated. The experimental conditions selected (concentrations, salinity, temperature and acidity) are those encountered in practice.The reactivity of the amino-acids towards chlorine is of course influenced by physicochemical properties such as the pH, but is particularly dependent upon the nature of the amino group. Whereas β and γ free amino-acids (Fig. 3) as also combined species (proteins) (Table 2) yield stable halogenocompounds like those produced with aliphatic amines (Fig. 2), α free amino-acids (COOH---CH---NH₂)|R on the other hand yield unstable haloamines which decompose rapidly (Fig. 4). Regarding these results, only the reactivity of the α compounds was afterwards studied as they are the largest fraction of the free amino-acids encountered in natural waters.After investigating the role of the side groups R in the kinetics and the efficiency of the consumption of the oxidant we examined, by liquid chromatography, the depletion of the nitrogenous species (Table 3). In each case the HPLC data relative to changes in the level of the organic compounds agree with those reported for the residual oxidant decay.A few experiments carried out on samples of seawater (Table 4) treated with 1 ppm of chlorine showed that around 5% of chlorine which dissipated during the first 3 min are consumed by the dissolved free amino-acids, the depletion of which is about 50%.     

Reaction processes effecting the analysis of chloroform by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography

Several important reaction processes which influence the analysis of chloroform by direct aqueous injection (DAI) gas chromatography have been identified through an investigation of the chlorination reactions of humic acid and a series of simple polyhydroxyaromatic and diketone model compounds in dilute solution. The reaction of chlorine with each substrate system was studied over the pH range 2–12. Gas chromatographic analysis by the DAI and organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedures gave different measurements for the yield of CHCl₃ depending on the pH of the reaction solution and the chemical structure of the substrate. Under acidic and neutral conditions, a variety of trichloromethyl-substituted intermediates were identified at high concentrations in addition to chloroform by GC/MS. Chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, pentachloroacetone and hexachloroacetone undergo hydrolysis and/or decarboxylation to form CHCl₃ at the high injection port temperatures employed in aqueous injection GC analysis. The results obtained in the current study indicate that the decomposition of these and structurally-related species accounts for differences previously observed upon application of the DAI and either the LLE or purge-and-trap techniques for the determination of CHCl₃ in chlorinated natural waters.     

Breakpoint chlorination and free-chlorine contact time: implications for drinking water N-nitrosodimethylamine concentrations

North American drinking water utilities are increasingly incorporating alternative disinfectants, such as chloramines, in order to comply with disinfection by-product (DBP) regulations. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a non-halogenated DBP, associated with chloramination, having a drinking water unit risk two to three orders of magnitude greater than currently regulated halogenated DBPs. We quantified NDMA from two full-scale chloraminating water treatment plants in Alberta between 2003 and 2005 as well as conducted bench-scale chloramination/breakpoint experiments to assess NDMA formation. Distribution system NDMA concentrations varied and tended to increase with increasing distribution residence time. Bench-scale disinfection experiments resulted in peak NDMA production near the theoretical monochloramine maximum in the sub-breakpoint region of the disinfection curve. Breakpoints for the raw and partially treated waters tested ranged from 1.9:1 to 2.4:1 (Cl(2):total NH(3)-N, M:M). Bench-scale experiments with free-chlorine contact (2h) before chloramination resulted in significant reductions in NDMA formation (up to 93%) compared to no free-chlorine contact time. Risk-tradeoff issues involving alternative disinfection methods and unregulated DBPs, such as NDMA, are emerging as a major water quality and public health information gap.