Maximum dry density test to quantify pumice content in natural soils

Crushable volcanic soils are well-known for their distinctive texture, vesicular nature and grain fragility. These features of volcanic soils lead to difficulty in interpreting the results of laboratory and field testing because of the occurrence of particle crushing. Sands containing pumice particles are commonly found in the Hamilton Basin in the North Island of New Zealand. The pumice particles originated from a series of volcanic eruptions centered in the Taupo and Rotorua regions. As a result of flooding and erosion along the Waikato River, the pumice particles have become mixed with other materials and have been distributed over the Hamilton Basin; these mixtures are referred to herein as natural pumiceous (NP) sands. This paper initially investigates an appropriate technique for measuring the maximum dry density (MDD) of NP sands; then a modified MDD test is proposed for estimating the pumice contents of these sands. In order to examine the applicability of different standard methods for determining MDD, New Zealand and Japanese standards are employed. The results using the Japanese standard show consistent MDD values when repeating the tests due to negligible particle crushing. On the other hand, the results of MDD tests according to the New Zealand standard indicate that a significant amount of particle crushing occurs after each repeated test and, consequently, it is not possible to get the same result when the test is repeated. NP sands reach their ultimate potential breakage during the modified MDD tests (at least, for the level of loading applied) and they experience different levels of particle crushing which may be a function of their pumice content. As a way forward, the relative breakages of the materials tested are used to estimate the pumice contents of the NP sands.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of sands and Geldart A biomass co-fluidization

This article investigated the fluidization of sands and small Geldart A biomass mixtures. The mixture fluidized like Geldart A type particles with a uniform bed expansion regime before bubbling. The video recorded color distance between pure sands and sands–biomass mixtures was used to estimate the sands–biomass mixing. The coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method with a hybrid drag model which couples the Syamlal–O'Brien drag and a filtered drag can capture the mixing while the simulation with Gidaspow drag predicted a segregated bed. The simulations were further validated with experimental measured pressure drops. The time averaged pressure drop equals the weight of the bed material, however, its fluctuation is about three times of the bed material fluctuation.     

干湿循环对土体级配分形特性影响分析

为分析粗粒土受水体干湿循环作用时颗粒级配演化规律,采用颗粒筛分试验统计干湿循环作用后土体颗粒粒径分布,引入颗粒质量-粒径分形模型计算粒径分形曲线(GFC)及分形维数(D),揭示了D随围压及干湿循环次数变化的规律,量化了干湿循环作用对粗粒土D的影响,并建立了计算方程。结果表明,等效替代缩尺法对GFC及D影响较小;制样及筛分过程导致D增大0.63%,室内试验方法引起粗粒土颗粒破碎效应不可忽略。低围压条件下(围压小于0.60MPa),D随围压增大及干湿循环次数增多而增大,剪切作用及水体干湿循环作用加剧了粗粒土颗粒破碎效应。所建粗粒土D计算模型为评价干湿循环对涉水工程填筑土体级配劣化效应提供了依据。     

不同堆置状态粗粒土剪切强度试验研究

为研究不同堆置条件下排土场粗粒土的力学响应规律, 开展了终排土体固结排水三轴压缩试验和在排土体快剪试验。研究结果表明, 土体固结排水三轴压缩应力-应变曲线呈现先弹性后屈服再弱硬化的规律, 体积-应变曲线有拐点, 低围压时先剪缩后剪胀, 高围压时以剪缩为主。在排土体快剪试验具有峰值强度, 100~400 kPa时, 峰值强度出现在剪切位移20%~30%之间, 且剪应力-位移曲线呈弱化趋势; 600~1 200 kPa时, 峰值强度出现在剪切位移30%~40%, 随剪切位移增加, 土体抗剪强度基本保持恒定或略有增大。不同堆置状态排土体抗剪强度参数取值各不相同。     

间断级配粗粒土压实特性试验研究

岩土工程中常遇到级配不连续的粗粒土,这类间断级配粗粒土的压实特性尚不清楚。通过开展室内压实试验,探究了影响间断级配粗粒土压实特性的主要因素。试验发现,间断级配与连续级配料相比,缺少d₃₀以下的粒径不利于压实,缺少中间粒径反而可能有利于压实。其干密度随基准级配分形维数D的增加而增大,并且D=2.5~2.7时压实性最好;随细料含量的增加先增后减,而最优细料含量与粗、细料单独堆积密度以及粗细颗粒堆积过程中的相互干扰程度有关。据此建立了间断级配粗粒土压实干密度的预测模型,通过少量压实试验即可得获得干密度与细料含量的关系曲线,从而得到最优细料含量和满足干密度要求的细料含量区间,可以较大程度上减少试验工作量。     

粗颗粒盐渍土地基掏挖基础抗拔承载模型试验研究

考虑不同粗颗粒盐渍土层状态（结晶、溶蚀）和厚度,通过对粗颗粒盐渍土地基掏挖基础进行抗拔承载模型试验,分析了掏挖基础的抗拔承载特征。研究结果表明,上拔加载过程中地面以基础为中心产生明显隆起现象,逐渐形成以基础为中心的环状和放射状裂缝。地面隆起范围近似呈圆形扩大趋势;上拔位移随距基础中心距离增大而不断减小,上拔位移梯度随荷载增加逐渐增大。荷载-位移曲线呈现出典型的“软化型”特征;结晶状态下基础抗拔承载力随着盐渍土层厚度增加显著增加;结晶状态下基础抗拔承载力显著高于溶蚀状态。粗颗粒盐渍土地基破裂面形态表现为分段直线方程形式;普通粗颗粒土层、结晶状态粗颗粒盐渍土层及溶蚀状态粗颗粒盐渍土层上拔角分别约为32°,34°及18°。     

往返荷载下粗粒土的残余变形特性

结合紫坪铺、瀑布沟和密云土石坝工程,在大型动三轴试验机上(试样尺寸为φ300×750mm),通过往返加荷三轴试验,研究了堆石料和砂砾石料在非饱和状态、饱和排水状态及饱和不排水状态下的残余变形特性,探讨了粗粒土料的密实度、饱水程度、排水条件、初始应力条件及往返加荷条件等对其残余变形特性的影响,并进行了对比分析,得出了一些有工程实用意义的结论.这些研究成果,可作为紫坪铺、瀑布沟和密云土石坝工程进行抗震设计和地震变形分析的基本依据,对其它工程也有重要的参考价值.     

粗粒土与结构接触面单调力学特性的试验研究

使用新研制的大型土与结构接触面循环加载剪切仪,对粗粒土与人工粗糙钢板接触面在单调荷载作用下的力学特性进行了较系统的试验研究。从宏观和细观两个角度进行了测量,分析总结了粗粒土与结构接触面的基本力学特性和受力变形机理。试验表明:接触面的厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径;接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移,其变化趋势与法向应力有关;接触面的变形可分解为同时发生、互相影响的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面附近的土在结构面约束之下的剪切变形两部分,而后者是引起相对法向位移的主要原因;结构面粗糙度、土的种类和法向应力等因素对接触面的力学特性具有重要影响。     

不同中主应力条件下粗粒土应力变形特性试验研究

采用长江科学院大型真三轴仪,对粗粒土进行了一系列不同中主应力系数条件下的真三轴试验和平面应变试验,研究了中主应力对粗粒土的应力变形的影响规律。试验结果表明,中主应力比b一定时,应力–应变关系曲线的斜率和峰值强度随着固结压力的增大而增加,在低围压条件下,体变关系曲线在加载过程中表现为先剪缩后剪胀的特性,而在高围压下,整个加载过程中表现剪缩的特性;固结压力一定时,随着b值的增大,应力在峰值后的软化现象愈加明显,体变全过程曲线表现出剪胀特征对应的固结压力越来越低,小主应变–大主应变关系曲线的斜率绝对值增大。研究成果可为进一步研究粗粒土的本构模型奠定基础。