我国鲜食玉米标准体系及营养标准研究

近年来我国鲜食玉米产业发展迅猛, 但同时也暴露出诸多产业乱象。梳理现有鲜食玉米标准体系是促进产业标准化、规范化的重要举措。本文通过对我国现行鲜食玉米标准进行梳理, 总结出目前我国鲜食玉米标准体系中抽样及一般性检测标准较完善、技术规程体系成熟、标准体系框架已建立的特点; 同时提出我国鲜食玉米标准体系存在技术规程标准内容重复、品质分级标准混乱、缺乏营养评价指标相关标准、感官评价标准混乱、缺乏甜糯玉米和笋玉米的相关标准、标准体系结构不合理等的问题; 并针对上述问题提出对应应统一技术规程标准, 建立营养评价体系, 统一品质分级标准, 统一感官评价指标, 完善甜糯玉米和笋玉米相关标准的解决办法。为鲜食玉米标准体系的建设及规范化提供参考和建议。     

北京市郊玉米质量安全风险因子及影响因素分析

以北京郊区10个农户的玉米种植地为研究对象,扦取种植期土壤样品、扬花期花穗样品、收获期及不同储藏时期的玉米样品,检测菌相、带菌量和真菌毒素等。结果表明,玉米产后整个自然晾晒储藏期间,储藏前期(产后一个月内)的发霉风险最高,其中镰刀菌属一直是优势菌群,其产生的毒素主要包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和伏马菌素(FB1、FB2),检出率分别为100%、95%和93%,且DON和ZEN在储藏期的超标率均大于40%,而其他毒素,如AFBs、OTA、ST、T-2、HT-2等均未检出。另外,采用高通量测序技术分析了土壤和花穗样品中真菌多样性与农艺因素的关系,发现,种植方式(清种/兼做)、灌溉情况、上季秸秆处理方式等因素会影响玉米植株污染真菌的种类和数量,进而导致玉米籽粒真菌毒素的污染水平出现差异。     

Simultaneous production of cellulase and ferulic acid esterase by Penicillium decumbens with rice straw as the sole carbon source

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Effects of homolactic bacterial inoculant on the performance of lactating dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of applying a homofermentative bacterial inoculant to corn silage on the performance of dairy cows. After harvesting, corn forage was treated with nothing (CON) or with an inoculant containing a mixture of Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium at 1.5 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh forage (MC; SiloSolve MC, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark). After 186 d of storage in Ag-Bags (A Miller-St. Nazianz Inc., St. Nazianz, WI), silages were fed as part of a total mixed ration containing 55% concentrates, 10% alfalfa hay, and 35% CON or MC corn silage. Sixty early-lactation Holstein dairy cows (30 multiparous and 30 primiparous) housed in a freestall barn with Calan gates (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH) were assigned to the dietary treatments from 20 to 100 d in milk. Silage inoculated with MC had a more homofermentative pattern evidenced by greater lactic acid concentration (3.83 vs. 4.48% of DM) and lower concentrations of acetic (2.34 vs. 1.68% of DM) and propionic (0.37 vs. 0.10% of DM) acids and ammonia (9.11 vs. 7.82% of N) for CON and MC, respectively. Dry matter intake (23.1 vs. 23.2 kg/d) did not differ among treatments, but the MC silage had greater apparent digestibility of DM (68.8 vs. 70.8%), which led to greater yields of milk (37.7 vs. 38.5 kg/d), fat-corrected milk (37.6 vs. 38.4 kg/d), milk fat (1.30 vs. 1.33 kg/d), and lactose (1.83 vs. 1.92 kg/d) for CON and MC cows, respectively. Milk from cows fed MC silage had higher lactose (4.86 vs. 4.93%), lower protein (2.93 vs. 2.83%), and similar contents of fat (3.47 vs. 3.44%) compared with CON cows. Feed efficiency (fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was not affected by treatment (1.69 vs. 1.72 for CON and MC, respectively). Inoculation of corn silage with the homofermentative inoculant increased digestibility of the total mixed ration and increased milk yield by lactating dairy cows.     

Validation and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in rice whole grain and rice straw using LC-MS/MS

An efficient analytical method was developed and validated using a modified QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS for the detection and quantification of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in rice whole grain and rice straw. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Validation based on five fortification levels showed good recoveries of neonicotinoids ranging from 75% to 116 % and 60% to 105 % for rice whole grain and straw, respectively. The precision ranged between 3% and 17 %, and 2% and 10 % for grain and straw, respectively. The limit of detection was from 0.007 to 0.0084 mg kg^?1 and 0.005 to 0.15 mg kg^?1 and the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.024–0.028 mg kg^?1 and 0.016–0.051 mg kg^?1 for rice whole grain and rice straw, respectively. Monitoring of farm gate samples indicated that, out of 24 samples, 1 rice whole grain sample was contaminated with thiamethoxam residues (0.07 mg kg^?1).     

Hydrogen production enhancement using hot gas cleaning system combined with prepared Ni-based catalyst in biomass gasification

This paper investigates the hot gas temperature effect on enhancing hydrogen generation and minimizing tar yield using zeolite and prepared Ni-based catalysts in rice straw gasification. Results obtained from this work have shown that increasing hot gas temperature and applying catalysts can enhance energy yield efficiency. When zeolite catalyst and hot gas temperature were adjusted from 250 °C to 400 °C, H₂ and CO increased slightly from 7.31% to 14.57%–8.03% and 17.34%, respectively. The tar removal efficiency varies in the 70%–90% range. When the zeolite was replaced with prepared Ni-based catalysts and hot gas cleaning (HGC) operated at 250 °C, H₂ contents were significantly increased from 6.63% to 12.24% resulting in decreasing the hydrocarbon (tar), and methane content. This implied that NiO could promote the water-gas shift reaction and CH₄ reforming reaction. Under other conditions in which the hot gas temperature was 400 °C, deactivated effects on prepared Ni-based catalyst were observed for inhibiting syngas and tar reduction in the HGC system. The prepared Ni-based catalyst worked at 250 °C demonstrate higher stability, catalyst activity, and less coke decomposition in dry reforming. In summary, the optimum catalytic performance in syngas production and tar elimination was achieved when the catalytic temperature was 250 °C in the presence of prepared Ni-based catalysts, producing 5.92 MJ/kg of lower heating value (LHV) and 73.9% tar removal efficiency.     

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde inhibits the growth of Aspergillus flavus via damaging cell wall,cell membrane,manipulating respiration thus creating a promising antifungal effect on corn kernels

This study investigated the antifungal activity and the potential antifungal mechanisms of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HMB in preventing spore germination was 70 μg mL⁻¹. HMB at MIC disrupted cell wall integrity by reducing the number of septa by 86.66% (P < 0.05) in mycelia and increased cell membrane permeability by about 14-fold (P < 0.05) evidenced by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Furthermore, HMB at MIC inhibited respiration by 33.33%. These results revealed that the antifungal activity of HMB against A. flavus could be attributed to the damaged cell wall integrity, cell membrane permeability and respiration metabolism. What’s more, A. flavus was completely restrained in corn kernels due to HMB. Therefore, HMB could be applied as an effective antifungal agent.     

Reusable Floating Beads with Immobilized Xylose-Fermenting Yeast Cells for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Lime-Pretreated Rice Straw

Novel bioreactor beads for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of lime-pretreated rice straw (RS) into ethanol were prepared. Genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing genes encoding xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase were immobilized in calcium alginate beads containing inorganic lightweight filler particles to reduce specific gravity. For SSF experiments, the beads were floated in slurry composed of lime-pretreated RS and enzymes and incubated under CO₂ atmosphere to reduce the pH for saccharification and fermentation. Following this reaction, beads were readily picked up from the upper part of the slurry and were directly transferred to the next vessel with slurry. After 240 h of incubation, ethanol production by the beads was equivalent to that by free cells, a trend that was repeated in nine additional runs, with slightly improved ethanol yields. Slurry with pre-saccharified lime-pretreated RS was subjected to SSF with floating beads for 168 h. Although higher cell concentrations in beads resulted in more rapid initial ethanol production rates, with negligible diauxic behavior for glucose and xylose utilization, no improvement in the ethanol yield was observed. A fermentor-scale SSF experiment with floating beads was successfully performed twice, with repeated use of the beads, resulting in the production of 40.0 and 39.7 g/L ethanol. There was no decomposition of the beads during agitation at 60 rpm. Thus, this bioreactor enables reuse of yeast cells for efficient ethanol production by SSF of lignocellulosic feedstock, without the need for instruments for centrifugation or filtration of whole slurry.