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Mohammadmahdi Davoudi 《工程优选》2019,51(5):775-795
Although topology optimization is established for linear static problems, more effort is required for solving nonlinear plastic problems. A new topology optimization approach with equivalent static loads (ESLs) is suggested to find the optimum topologies and locations of plastic hinges of thin-walled crash boxes by considering crash-induced deformation, the main crash energy-absorbing mechanism. Together with finite element method crashworthiness analyses, considering all nonlinearities with rate-dependent plasticity, the method was developed using an appropriate time-incremental scheme of ESLs without removing any high values of loads. Analyses show that the crash boxes with optimum topologies have energy-absorbing capabilities equivalent to the original structure. The proposed method is evaluated for two crashes: a crash box at low speed and a double cell subjected to high-speed collision. The results indicate that this method captures nonlinear crushing behaviours and accurate locations of plastic hinges where, if proper reinforcements are made, energy absorption can be enhanced. 相似文献
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以吡虫啉和啶虫脒的结构类似物烟酰胺作为虚拟模板分子、α-甲基丙烯酸(α-methyl acrylic acid,MAA)作为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate,EDGMA)作为交联剂,采用表面分子印迹技术(MIT)制备了虚拟模板表面分子印迹聚合物(dummy template surface molelecularly imprinted polymers,DMIP)。在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面优化法对DMIP的制备方法进行优化,利用扫描电子显微镜对优化后的DMIP形态结构进行表征,考察了DMIP对于吡虫啉和啶虫脒的吸附性能。结果表明,DMIP对吡虫啉和啶虫脒具有较高的吸附容量和选择性,对吡虫啉和啶虫脒的最大吸附量分别为41.73和21.95 mg/g。将DMIP作为柱填充材料从茶多酚中脱除吡虫啉和啶虫脒,去除率分别达到96.2%和95.6%。所得DMIP对茶多酚等天然植物提取物生产过程中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的去除具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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为提升IGBT单芯片的电流密度,掌握高压沟槽栅IGBT技术,进行4500 V沟槽栅IGBT芯片的研制。使用TCAD仿真软件,对4500 V沟槽栅IGBT的衬底材料、载流子储存层设计、沟槽宽度、沟槽深度、假栅结构等方面进行研究和仿真分析,明确各方面设计与芯片性能的关系。根据总体设计目标,确定相应的芯片结构和工艺参数,并对4500 V沟槽栅IGBT芯片进行流片验证。验证结果显示:4500 V沟槽栅IGBT芯片的测试结果符合设计预期,芯片的额定电流、导通压降、开通损耗和关断损耗等关键参数相比平面栅IGBT芯片有明显优化。 相似文献
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Stig Tore Bogstrand Magnus Larsson Anders Holtan Trine Staff Vigdis Vindenes Hallvard Gjerde 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2015
Since 2005, all fatal road traffic crashes in Norway have been analyzed in-depth by multidisciplinary investigation teams organized by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). During the period 2005–2010, 608 drivers of cars or vans were killed in road traffic crashes. Blood samples were collected from 372 (61%) of the drivers and analyzed for alcohol and a large number of psychoactive drugs at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). After coupling the analytical results with the NPRA crash database, 369 drivers with a fatal outcome were identified and included. Alcohol or drug concentrations in blood above the legal limits were found in 39.8% of the drivers who were investigated for alcohol or drug impairment; 33.9% had blood alcohol concentrations above 0.5 g/L or concentrations of drugs above the equivalent Norwegian legal impairment limits or concentrations of amphetamines above 200 μg/L. Among drivers with a fatal outcome who had been impaired by alcohol or drugs, 64.6% were unbelted and 71.7% were speeding when the crash occurred; whereas 24.2% and 33.2% of the sober drivers were unbelted or speeding, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between impairment by alcohol or amphetamines and driving unbelted or speeding. Excessive speeding is one of the main reasons for road traffic crashes and together with being unbelted the main reasons for a fatal outcome. This behavior might in many cases be due to increased risk-taking or negligence of safety measures as a result of alcohol or drug use. 相似文献
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This study investigates the drivers’ merging behavior and the rear-end crash risk in work zone merging areas during the entire merging implementation period from the time of starting a merging maneuver to that of completing the maneuver. With the merging traffic data from a work zone site in Singapore, a mixed probit model is developed to describe the merging behavior, and two surrogate safety measures including the time to collision (TTC) and deceleration rate to avoid the crash (DRAC) are adopted to compute the rear-end crash risk between the merging vehicle and its neighboring vehicles. Results show that the merging vehicle has a bigger probability of completing a merging maneuver quickly under one of the following situations: (i) the merging vehicle moves relatively fast; (ii) the merging lead vehicle is a heavy vehicle; and (iii) there is a sizable gap in the adjacent through lane. Results indicate that the rear-end crash risk does not monotonically increase as the merging vehicle speed increases. The merging vehicle's rear-end crash risk is also affected by the vehicle type. There is a biggest increment of rear-end crash risk if the merging lead vehicle belongs to a heavy vehicle. Although the reduced remaining distance to work zone could urge the merging vehicle to complete a merging maneuver quickly, it might lead to an increased rear-end crash risk. Interestingly, it is found that the rear-end crash risk could be generally increased over the elapsed time after the merging maneuver being triggered. 相似文献
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尚庄煤矿皮带暗井为井下的主运输巷道,原运输方式采用3台皮带输送机,线路长,设备多,事故影响多,将皮带暗井3台皮带输送机改为1台钢丝绳芯胶带机运输效果良好,达到预期目标。 相似文献
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Cong Chen Guohui Zhang Rafiqul Tarefder Jianming Ma Heng Wei Hongzhi Guan 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2015
Rear-end crash is one of the most common types of traffic crashes in the U.S. A good understanding of its characteristics and contributing factors is of practical importance. Previously, both multinomial Logit models and Bayesian network methods have been used in crash modeling and analysis, respectively, although each of them has its own application restrictions and limitations. In this study, a hybrid approach is developed to combine multinomial logit models and Bayesian network methods for comprehensively analyzing driver injury severities in rear-end crashes based on state-wide crash data collected in New Mexico from 2010 to 2011. A multinomial logit model is developed to investigate and identify significant contributing factors for rear-end crash driver injury severities classified into three categories: no injury, injury, and fatality. Then, the identified significant factors are utilized to establish a Bayesian network to explicitly formulate statistical associations between injury severity outcomes and explanatory attributes, including driver behavior, demographic features, vehicle factors, geometric and environmental characteristics, etc. The test results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid approach performs reasonably well. The Bayesian network reference analyses indicate that the factors including truck-involvement, inferior lighting conditions, windy weather conditions, the number of vehicles involved, etc. could significantly increase driver injury severities in rear-end crashes. The developed methodology and estimation results provide insights for developing effective countermeasures to reduce rear-end crash injury severities and improve traffic system safety performance. 相似文献
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