Acquisition and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance: A tet(X) Case Study

Understanding the mechanisms leading to the rise and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucially important for the preservation of power of antimicrobials and controlling infectious diseases. Measures to monitor and detect AMR, however, have been significantly delayed and introduced much later after the beginning of industrial production and consumption of antimicrobials. However, monitoring and detection of AMR is largely focused on bacterial pathogens, thus missing multiple key events which take place before the emergence and spread of AMR among the pathogens. In this regard, careful analysis of AMR development towards recently introduced antimicrobials may serve as a valuable example for the better understanding of mechanisms driving AMR evolution. Here, the example of evolution of tet(X), which confers resistance to the next-generation tetracyclines, is summarised and discussed. Initial mechanisms of resistance to these antimicrobials among pathogens were mostly via chromosomal mutations leading to the overexpression of efflux pumps. High-level resistance was achieved only after the acquisition of flavin-dependent monooxygenase-encoding genes from the environmental microbiota. These genes confer resistance to all tetracyclines, including the next-generation tetracyclines, and thus were termed tet(X). ISCR2 and IS26, as well as a variety of conjugative and mobilizable plasmids of different incompatibility groups, played an essential role in the acquisition of tet(X) genes from natural reservoirs and in further dissemination among bacterial commensals and pathogens. This process, which took place within the last decade, demonstrates how rapidly AMR evolution may progress, taking away some drugs of last resort from our arsenal.     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层测井识别——以塔中东部良里塔格组良二段为例

塔中东部地区良里塔格组良二段碳酸盐岩储层缝洞发育，储层类型多样且非均质性较强。在岩心和成像测井上可以比较清楚地识别出各种储层类型，但对于缺乏岩心和成像测井资料的井段难以有效识别，影响了储层预测与评价。为了解决此问题，结合岩心、薄片和成像测井资料划分了4种储层类型和2种非储层类型，储层类型包括裂缝型、孔洞型、裂缝孔洞型和洞穴型，非储层类型包括泥质充填型和致密型；依据这些类型标定常规测井信息，通过因子分析对优选出的6个测井参数提取了3个主因子，并分别解释为孔洞因子、裂缝因子和含泥因子；最后计算出因子得分，根据因子得分交会图可以有效地识别出各种储层和非储层类型。利用此方法对XX井进行储层识别，识别结果与岩心、成像测井资料吻合度高，为缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层测井识别提供了新的技术方法。     

CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS AT GIANT OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN SW IRAN AND THE ADJACENT OFFSHORE: A REVIEW OF STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE AND PORO‐PERM CHARACTERISTICS

SW Iran and the adjacent offshore are prolific petroleum‐producing areas with very large proven oil and gas reserves and the potential for significant new discoveries. Most of the oil and gas so far discovered is present in carbonate reservoir rocks in the Dehram, Khami and Bangestan Groups and the Asmari Formation, with smaller volumes in the Dashtak, Neyriz, Najmeh, Gurpi, Pabdeh, Jahrum, Shahbazan, Razak and Mishan (Guri Member) Formations. The Permo‐Triassic Dehram Group carbonates produce non‐associated gas and condensate in Fars Province and the nearby offshore. The Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Khami Group carbonates are an important producing reservoir at a number of offshore fields and in the southern Dezful Embayment, and are prospective for future exploration. Much of Iran's crude oil is produced from the Oligo‐Miocene Asmari Formation and the mid‐Cretaceous Sarvak Formation of the Bangestan Group in the Dezful Embayment. This review paper is based on data from 115 reservoir units at 60 oil‐ and gasfields in SW Iran and the adjacent offshore. It demonstrates that the main carbonate reservoir units vary from one‐another significantly, depending on the particular sedimentary and diagenetic history. Ooidal‐grainstones and rudist‐ and Lithocodium‐bearing carbonate facies form the most important reservoir facies, and producing units are commonly dolomitised, karstified and fractured. In general, reservoir rocks in the study area can be classified into six major types: grainstones; reefal carbonates; karstified, dolomitised and fractured carbonates; and sandstones. The stratigraphic distribution of these reservoir rocks was principally controlled by the palaeoclimatic conditions existing at the time of deposition. A comparative reservoir analysis based on core data shows that dolomitised and/or fractured, grain‐dominated carbonates in the Dehram Group, Lower Khami Group and Asmari Formation typically have better reservoir qualities than the Cretaceous limestones in the Upper Khami and Bangestan Groups.     

裂缝性边水气藏水侵机理及治水对策实验

针对裂缝性边水气藏主要治水措施建立了物理模拟方法并开展实验，系统测试了气藏内部动态压降剖面，对比分析了不同水体、不同治水措施下气藏开采动态及储量动用规律。结果表明：①水体能量不同时，相同的控气排水措施将导致完全不同的实际效果：30倍水体时，采收率可提高10.8%，而无限大水体时采收率反而降低15.6%。生产参数和动态压降剖面揭示无限大水体时，过分控制生产压差不仅难以减缓水侵，相反还会导致采速降低，延长水侵时间，加剧水侵对开发影响。②多井协同排水采气治水效果显著，裂缝性储层中的水会在自身弹性能和剩余气驱动下大量排出，大幅提升气相渗流能力，促使封闭气重新产出，采收率可再提高约10%~30%。水侵影响越严重的气藏，采取排水采气措施越早治水效果越好。③裂缝贯通水体和气井时，地层水主要沿裂缝向气井侵入，外围基质区含水饱和度增量低于5%，压降剖面显示基质区仍有大量封闭剩余气，这些未动用储量是后期开展排水采气等增产措施的重要物质基础。     

基于危险源的水利工程施工全过程安全管理研究

水利工程的特殊性,决定了其在安全管理构建中更加注重全过程管理机制的构建,以及危险源下的精准安全管控。在传统安全管理模式之下,水利工程安全管理盲点多、效率低,不利于全过程安全管理的高效实施。文章立足水利工程的危险辨识,分析了水利工程危险源全过程安全管理中的问题,并在此基础之上,从强化危险源精准辨识、构建危险源动态管理机制、优化危险源评价工作、加快危险源信息库建设等方面,具体论述了危险源下水利工程全过程安全管理措施。     

多层砂砾岩油藏注烟道气提高采收率技术

通过在水驱多层砂砾岩油藏中注入火驱烟道气,可实现老油田提高采收率及节能环保的双目标。并联长岩心室内驱油实验结果表明,水驱后注烟道气可有效提高油藏采收率,通过气水交替注入控制气体流度能得到更好的开发效果。在室内实验的基础上,针对A油藏开展了现场试注,进一步评估注气的可行性。根据试注动态分析及数值模拟,认为注烟道气能起到明显增油效果,但多层砂砾岩油藏连续注气方式下注入气易沿高渗、薄层窜流,导致气体早期突破。油藏规模注烟道气的注采参数优化结果表明,采取分层注烟道气、水气交替注入、水气比1∶1、交替周期7 d的效果最好。目前,A油藏投注了1个分层注气井组,取得较好的增油效果。该研究成果可以为同类油藏开发提供一定借鉴。     

水平岩层软弱基座危岩体演化过程研究

以重庆市甄子岩29号危岩体为研究对象，基于现场调查和分析解剖，建立UDEC离散元数值计算模型，对其演化变形过程进行模拟分析。研究表明，在巨大的自重作用下，由于基座岩体岩质软，岩体较破碎，且基座外侧为直立的陡崖，具有完整的临空面，从而使基座岩体易发生压缩流变及剪切流变，进而使危岩体存在滑移垮塌的危险。     

老井复查评价技术在浅层油藏中的研究与应用

本文以靖安地区浅层老井为例,利用钻井、录井、测井、取心等资料,结合现代测井解释评价技术,对受当时技术条件限制被误判的储层进行再分析研究。制定可行的复查评价标准与流程,确定出油下限,优选补孔潜力井,并结合精细地质研究成果筛选建产目标区,达到挖潜增效和滚动增储的双重目的。对老区日后寻找新储量进行勘探开发具有十分重要的意义。     

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF PALEOKARST IN THE CRETACEOUS MACAÉ GROUP CARBONATES,CAMPOS BASIN,BRAZIL

Three‐dimensional seismic data from an oilfield in the Campos Basin, SE Brazil, was used to characterize a karstified unconformity surface at the top of the Albian – Cenomanian Macaé Group. Macaé Group carbonates underwent intense karstification associated with subaerial exposure during a period of some 10 to 15 Ma resulting in the development of canyons, valleys, sinkholes and cave systems. The carbonates host commercial oil accumulations at a number of important oil fields. Understanding how the karstification process has affected the carbonates' reservoir properties is essential for future exploration, not only to improve recovery rates but also to avoid drilling‐related issues such as thief zones. In this context, this study aims to characterize the top‐Macaé Group paleokarst system by investigating the morphology of the associated reflectors recorded on seismic data, together with endokarst features in the underlying carbonate succession such as cave systems and collapse structures. The top‐Macaé Group seismic horizon can be divided into two principal geomorphological domains: highlands, characterized by abrupt relief with well‐developed erosional features; and lowlands, marked by a smoother topography. Collapse sinkholes occur in both domains and take the form of closed circular depressions. The study of endokarst features from an analysis of amplitude anomalies (bright spots) indicates the presence of heterogeneous cave systems. The interpreted data contributes to a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the paleokarst system in the Macaé Group carbonates and may assist with future hydrocarbon exploration in the Campos Basin.     

胡尖山地区长4+5层油气富集控制因素研究

胡尖山地区长4+5油层组储层非均质性强、物性差异较大,开展该区储层地质特征研究,尤其是针对胡尖山地区长4+5油层组的构造形态、储层特征、孔隙类型、油藏类型的研究,分析原油的分布特征,总结原油富集区的聚集特征、重点分析分布特征及控制因素,得到胡尖山地区长4+5层油气富集的规律,可加深对优质储层形成机理和分布规律的认识,为油藏勘探开发提供有利的方向。