混合乳化剂的优选及抗高低温水包油钻井液的研制

O/W乳化钻井液用的阴离子/非离子混合乳化剂,其中的非离子乳化剂先用PIT法初选,再以O/W乳状液黏度为性能指标,用HLB法选定,其中的阴离子乳化剂也用HLB法筛选。选定的一对非离子和阴离子乳化剂按不同比例复配,利用混合表面活性剂HLB值的加和性原理,由O/W乳状液黏度-HLB值关系确定二者最佳配比。O/W乳化钻井液以体积比70/30的柴油 原油为油相,油水相体积比40/60-60/40,乳化剂加量为油水总体积的4%-7%,加入的主要处理剂有:一种代替膨润土的成胶剂,抗高温液体抑制剂,油溶性储层保护剂,降滤失剂等。该钻井液在180℃、最高压力2.5 MPa下热处理24小时或在-26℃冷冻24小时后解冻,均不发生破乳,性能不恶化;用-26℃冷冻7天的乳化剂配制的钻井液,常温和热处理后性能良好。该钻井液流变性能良好,动塑比0.23-0.60,静切力2-8/2-10 Pa,滤失量为零,抑制性良好。图1表3参4。     

Critical-point drying versus freeze drying for scanning electron microscopy: a quantitative and qualitative study on isolated hepatocytes

Critical-point drying and freeze drying were compared both quantitatively and qualitatively as preparative procedures for scanning electron microscopy. Isolated hepatocytes were used as model cells. Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy was used for light microscopic measurements of the hepatocytes in the unfixed, the glutaraldehyde fixed, the glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed, the critical-point dried and the freeze dried states. Critical-point dried hepatocytes were found to shrink to 38% of glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed volume, whereas optimal freeze dried hepatocytes (frozen in water saturated with chloroform and freeze dried at 183 K for 84 h) were found to shrink to 51% of glutaraldehyde + OsO₄ fixed volume. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of the critical-point dried cells showed well-preserved ultrastructure and surface structure. Micrographs of the freeze dried cells showed ultrastructure destroyed by internal ice crystals and surface structure destroyed by external ice crystals. Double-fixed isolated hepatocytes were shown to swell during storage in buffer and to shrink during storage after critical-point drying. For low magnification scanning electron microscopy (up to about 3000 times) both critical-point drying and freeze drying can be used. However, for high magnification scanning electron microscopy, critical-point drying is superior to freeze drying.     

Characteristics of Milk Powders Produced by Spray Freeze Drying

Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles.     

青藏铁路西格二线混凝土冻融试验研究

由于工期的要求,青藏铁路西格增建二线必须进行冬期施工。根据工程状况,分析了混凝土受冻的破坏机理,针对施工环境及对混凝土设计强度和要求,进行了大量冻融试验分析,对引气剂、水胶比、砂率、粉煤灰掺量等原材料与混凝土含气量的关系及其混凝土搅拌温度与静停时间等对混凝土性能的影响进行了分析与技术论证,确保了该线冬期混凝土施工顺利进行。     

真空冷冻干燥技术在三七加工中的应用

介绍了真空冷冻干燥的基本原理，并据三七的特点，探讨三七真空冷冻干燥的工艺流程及特点，简要分析了三七冷冻干燥的前景。     

发展我国冻干蔬菜产业大有可为

本文介绍了真空冷冻干燥食品的发展现状、特点及其工艺流程 ,着重讨论了发展冻干食品工业的广阔前景     

Atmospheric Freeze Drying—Modeling and Simulation of a Tunnel Dryer

Drying is an important unit operation in processing of foods and other biotechnological products. Vacuum freeze drying is said to be the best drying technology regarding product quality of the end product, but the disadvantages are, among others, expensive operational costs and batch drying. Atmospheric freeze drying was introduced to lower the production costs of high-quality dried foods, and the need of simulation tools became important in estimations of the industrial drying processes.

A simplified mathematical model (AFDsim) is developed based on uniformly retreating ice front (URIF) considerations. The model is used to calculate theoretical drying curves of atmospheric freeze dried foods in a tunnel dryer. Studies of thermal and mass transfer properties during drying are essential for understanding the changes in product quality and for designing and dimensioning the drying process. The model can be used to simulate industrial atmospheric freeze drying of different foodstuff in a tunnel. The results from AFDsim modeling are in good accordance with the experimental results.     

浅谈冷库冲霜水系统中的防冻

分析了冷库冲霜水系统中所存在的冻结问题及解决方法。