水力空化改质对重质原油沥青质及性质的影响

利用水力空化过程产生局部的高温、高压、高射流以及强大的剪切力等极端化学物理条件改质处理沙特重质原油，试验结果表明：沙特重质原油经过水力空化改质后粘度由13.61降低至7.22mm2/s，残碳由7.16%降低至6.48%，实沸点蒸馏后减压渣油降低1个百分点。进一步采用APPI FT-IR MS、XRD、FT-IR、SEM和粒度分布等技术研究了水力空化改质对沙重原油分子组成，沥青质团聚体微晶结构、沥青质胶束粒径分布、沥青质官能团、沥青质形貌等方面的影响，从分子角度阐述空化改质重油的机理。研究结果表明：水力空化改质后沙重原油分子量分布、芳烃类化合物缔合作用变小；沥青质对低DBE化合物吸附性能降低；沥青质团聚体微晶结构更加松散；沥青质胶束粒度分布降低；沥青质分子相互团聚作用力减弱。进一步考察了水力空化改质前后减压渣油延迟焦化性能，改质处理后焦炭产率降低1.85个百分点，液体收率和气体产率分别增加1.52和0.33个百分点，水力空化改质对沥青质性质、结构特点的改善能够有效的提高其加工性能。     

油水混合对径向滑动轴承润滑性能的影响

基于流体动压润滑基础理论,利用数值计算方法,在MATLAB软件中建立径向滑动轴承油水混合动压润滑的数学模型,对比分析润滑油中不同含水量对径向滑动轴承润滑性能的影响。结果表明:润滑油中混入少量的水对滑动轴承液膜的厚度和压力产生了一定的影响,最小液膜厚度随含水量的增加而减小,最大液膜压力随含水量的增加而增加;润滑油中混入少量水使得液膜合力和摩擦力变大,将不利于轴承的动压润滑,从而导致轴承润滑性能变差,并且加大轴承的摩擦磨损,降低径向滑动轴承的使用寿命。     

一维—二维耦合的水库下游地区洪水演进数学模型及应用

针对水库下游地区河道洪水与漫堤洪水模拟需求,建立了一维—二维耦合的洪水演进数学模型。一维模型采用Pressimann格式离散求解,二维模型采用能够适应复杂几何形状和多种流态的Osher格式求解,一维—二维连接处采用堰流公式实现水流交互。应用该模型模拟白溪流域2015年"苏迪罗"台风实际洪水,可得到洪水在计算区域的演进过程和淹没情况。对比模拟结果与实际情况可知,该模型计算合理、准确,计算结果可为防汛部门防洪预案制定、防汛调度决策提供技术支撑。     

基于正交试验的非对称垂直轴水轮机数值模拟

运用正交试验法开展了具有非对称NACA翼型的垂直轴潮流能水轮机的非定常数值模拟研究,分析弯度、弯度位置、前缘半径、最大厚度位置对叶轮能量提取率的影响。使用极差分析法确定了各因素影响的主次顺序和各尖速比下由最优参数确定的翼型。结果表明:在不同尖速比下,弯度是影响水轮机性能的主导因素,对水轮机能量提取率的贡献率分别为44.7%(尖速比λ=2.25)、53.4%(尖速比λ=2.5)和59.4%(尖速比λ=2.75);次要因素为最大厚度所在位置,其余两个参数对其性能影响较小。针对最优参数确定的翼型进行验证,结果证实具有该翼型的水轮机的动力学性能要好于其他翼型。     

极端海况下浮式防波堤的水动力性能分析

基于三维势流理论,以消波性能形式较好的双圆筒浮式防波堤为研究对象,通过有限元软件Workbench建立不规则波作用下浮式防波堤的湿表面模型,利用水动力分析软件AQWA对浮式防波堤进行频域水动力性能分析和时域全耦合分析,重点研究浮式防波堤在极端海况下的响应幅值算子、运动响应和系泊缆张力,为相关实际工程提供参考。     

3D-modelling of Lake Kivu: Horizontal and vertical flow and temperature structure under spatially variable atmospheric forcing

With the increasing extraction of methane from Lake Kivu, there is a growing need to evaluate the effect of such operations on the lake’s permanent density stratification. This requires understanding of the spatial structure and variability of flow velocities and constituents in Lake Kivu. In this study, we develop a 3D hydrodynamic model of Lake Kivu, set-up within DELFT3D at a 750 m grid spacing and forced by COSMO-CLM atmosphere model results at a 2.8 km grid spacing. Validation shows that the model correctly reproduces the generation and breakdown of the temperature stratification in the upper mixed layer and predicts flow velocity magnitudes and directions similar to measurements both at the surface and at greater depth. Analysis of currents reveals a surface current pattern with two clockwise circulations, one around the whole lake and a smaller one in the northern part, with velocities around 0.1 m/s. This pattern is consistently present over an (ensemble-)averaged day, both in the wet and in the dry season, while day-by-day variations are large. Time-averaged deep currents are found to be a few mm/s at maximum. However, the variations can be substantial, with standard deviations up to 2 cm/s for the currents at 220 m depth, attributed to internal seiches. The temperature stratification, present during the entire wet season, is found to first break down in the dry season in the southern part of the lake. This is explained by the spatial differences in the wind stress and the evaporation heat fluxes during the dry season.     

萃取塔数学模型及过程强化的若干研究进展

萃取塔因生产能力大、占地面积小、密闭性好等优点，在石油、化工、生物、医药和环境工程等多领域被广泛应用。本文从以下几个方面介绍了萃取塔近些年的研究进展：综述了传统萃取塔（脉冲萃取塔、转盘塔与Kühni塔等）的水力学、轴向扩散与传质模型的发展，分析比较了表面张力、传质方向、放大效应等因素对模型的影响；介绍了计算流体动力学（CFD）在萃取塔中单液滴、单相流模拟、液-液两相流模拟、外加能量模拟、与群体平衡模型（PBM）耦合模拟中的应用进展；介绍了国内外设计开发的新型萃取塔，包括改变传统塔的内构件和引入多种外场能量等方式来强化相间传质。研究表明，将先进实验研究方法、准确经验模型和可靠理论计算相结合，将会是萃取塔研究的重要手段和方向。     

Design and construction of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic tunnel to study the free motions of solids in a uniform flow

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly important tools for marine applications. A reasonably reliable prediction of their six degrees of freedom (6DOF) motions is essential. The manoeuvrability of these unmanned submarines relies on the capability to predict the hydrodynamic forces on a freely moving submerged body. Numerical simulators integrating the full physics of the problem have been developed but their validation remains the key issue. Three-dimensional calculations still take too much computing power to complete the very large number of simulations which is required for a full validation procedure. Furthermore, a very large pool with expensive measuring devices is also necessary to obtain experimental results. It was therefore decided to construct a 2D hydrodynamic tunnel in which an object can move with three degrees of freedom solely subjected to gravity and hydrodynamic forces. In the present paper, we describe the experimental device ensuring a simple and rapid implementation of trials: a 2D channel with a constant uniform flow. A general validation is considered with an ellipse. The experimental trajectories are compared with the corresponding analytical results and discussed at the end of the paper.     

刚玉砂轮外圆磨削微观热流体动压效应分析

为了研究陶瓷刚玉砂轮外圆磨削轴承钢(GCr15)时的流体动压效应,基于弹性流体动力润滑理论,建立稳态微观热弹流砂轮模型;对比分析等温条件下陶瓷刚玉磨料、金刚石磨料、CBN磨料的流体动压效应,分析热效应以及粗糙度幅值和波长对乳化液润滑时流体动压效应的影响。结果表明:陶瓷刚玉磨料砂轮相比于其他磨料砂轮的整体压力最小,整体膜厚最大;磨削过程中热效应的影响不可忽略,考虑热效应的影响时,磨削区压力和膜厚减小;随着粗糙度幅值的增大,压力增大,膜厚减小;粗糙度的波长主要和粗糙峰的疏密程度有关,对流体动压力和膜厚的影响较小。