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1.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(5):4171-4188
Based on modeling studies, a 1-yr calving interval for dairy cows is generally considered optimal from an economic point of view. Recently some dairy farmers are deliberately extending the voluntary waiting period for insemination (VWP) to extend the calving interval. Reasons to extend the VWP are to reduce the frequency of transitions such as dry-off and calving to improve health, to reduce labor associated with these transitions, and to reduce the number of surplus calves. This study aimed to evaluate yearly revenues, yearly costs, and yearly net partial cash flow (NPCF) for individual cows with a VWP of 50, 125, or 200 d based on data from a randomized control trial. The NPCF included revenues and costs for milk yield, calves born, inseminations, concentrate supply, partial mixed ration (PMR) supply, veterinary treatments, discarded milk due to veterinary treatments, culling, and labor (for milking, calving cows, inseminations, and veterinary treatments). Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) within one herd were blocked for parity, calving season, and expected (primiparous cows) or previous (multiparous cows) 305-d milk yield. Cows were randomly assigned within the blocks to 1 of 3 VWP (VWP50, VWP125, or VWP200) in wk 6 after calving, and monitored from wk 6 after calving until wk 6 after the next calving or until culling. Revenues and costs were calculated per individual cow and expressed per cow per year. Revenues from milk and costs for PMR and concentrate contributed most to the yearly NPCF. Total yearly revenues were greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€3,169 vs. €2,832), mainly because of €334 greater milk revenues. Total yearly costs were also greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€1,964 vs. €1,729), mainly because of €102 greater concentrate costs. The VWP was not significantly associated with the NPCF per cow per year. A change in milk, feed, or calf price, or a change in labor costs for calving cows or for inseminations had a greater effect on the yearly NPCF of cows in VWP50 compared with cows in VWP200. To investigate variation in NPCF, cows were grouped for yearly NPCF and categorized into 3 economic classes (EC): EC1 (<€1,100/yr), EC2 (€1,100–€1,400/yr), and EC3 (>€1,400/yr). Cows in EC3 had greatest lactation production per day in the experiment (i.e., kg of milk, protein, fat, lactose), and lowest number of veterinary treatments during the experiment.  相似文献   
2.
现代战场中的无线通信设备日益增多,精准获取个体信息已成为研究热点,但也是难点。针对通信电台,提出了一种分选识别技术。该技术从电台物理层特性出发,对其辐射信号的细微特征进行K-means聚类以实现分选,分选的同时提取各个个体的特征属性值,未知信号通过与特征属性值相关运算实现个体识别。该技术无需先验知识,无需训练运算,通过实验验证,其可行、高效,易于工程实现。  相似文献   
3.
针对原始乌鸦搜索算法对种群多样性控制不强、个体位置更新方式单一、局部搜索精细度不高等缺点,提出新的自适应乌鸦搜索算法.设计多种搜索引导个体,基于进化不同阶段的种群多样性,实现搜索引导个体的自适应选择策略,使算法在迭代前期加强全局勘探,在迭代后期强化局部开发. 结合正余弦搜索理念,构建基于线性递减、混合正余弦震荡递减的多种飞行长度控制参数及相应的多种搜索方式,提升算法的搜索遍历性,增加算法在迭代后期找到更优解的概率. 为了验证新算法的有效性,通过标准测试函数,将新算法与原始乌鸦搜索算法、改进乌鸦搜索算法和其他优秀的智能优化算法进行仿真实验,比较分析各算法的收敛精度、收敛速度、稳定性、Wilcoxon符号秩检验和Friedman检验. 实验结果表明,新算法的性能优于其他比较算法的性能,新算法实现了全局勘探和局部开发、收敛精度和收敛速度的平衡.  相似文献   
4.
本研究首先通过筛分获得尺寸逐渐减小的4种级分木质纤维;分别将其按照一定间距平行排列在载玻片上,探究单根木质纤维的尺寸对雾度的影响规律;最后,通过浸渍工艺将由木质纤维制备的纸张与羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose,简称CMC)结合,制备高透光率木质纤维/CMC复合薄膜,并探究木质纤维尺寸对薄膜光学性能的影响。结果表明,纤维尺寸与单根木质纤维和复合薄膜的光散射性能成正比,而对透光率影响不显著。随着木质纤维尺寸的减小,单根木质纤维的雾度从7.2%降低至2.9%,纤维素复合薄膜的雾度从83.1%降至71.9%。这说明大尺寸的木质纤维是制备高雾度、高透光率纤维素复合薄膜的理想原料。  相似文献   
5.
招投标过程中,中标价常常是以投标价为基础的,因此投标价的合理性对中标结果具有重要的影响。为识别投标人投标报价的合理性,在分析国内外对投标价合理性识别研究的基础上,提出了以工程量清单项为合理投标价判别单元,并在历史中标数据的基础上,利用聚类分析方法对当前工程量清单项投标价进行合理性判别的投标价合理性识别模型。通过问卷调查的方式确立了工程量清单项投标价影响因素聚类指标体系,为当前工程量清单与历史中标工程量清单的归类提供了基础。同时,基于模糊 K 均值聚类法和层次聚类法相结合的聚类分析方法,建立并确立了投标价合理性识别模型,并通过实证验证了该模型的合理性与可操作性。  相似文献   
6.
王友国 《现代矿业》2018,34(9):92-93
针对大宝坡石灰石矿开采过程中非冶金石灰岩资源大量出露问题,对其回收利用方案进行了分析,确定了该矿400 m水平以上非冶金用石灰石的经济合理剥采比,解决了生产现场由于生产剥采比的最优化和均衡之间不协调的矛盾,开辟了矿山循环经济发展的新思路,可供类似矿山参考。  相似文献   
7.
In computer-supported collaborative learning research, studies examining the combined effects of individual level, group level and within-group differences level measures on individual achievement are scarce. The current study addressed this by examining whether individual, group and within-group differences regarding engagement and prior knowledge predict individual achievement. Engagement was operationalised as group members' exhibited activities in the task space (i.e., discussing domain-content) and social space (i.e., regulating ideas, actions and socioemotional processes). Prior knowledge and achievement were operationalised as group members' performance on a domain-related pre-test and post-test, respectively. Data was collected for 95 triads of secondary education students collaborating on a complex business-economics problem. Subsequently, three different multilevel models were tested to examine the combined effect. First a model with the individual level measures (model 1) was tested and in subsequent models the group level measures (model 2) and within-group levels measures (model 3) were added. Findings indicate model 2 showed the best fit; group members' individual engagement in the social space activities as well as the groups' average prior knowledge positively predicts individual achievement. No effects were found for either group members' or groups' engagement in the task space and for the within-group differences.  相似文献   
8.
An electrolyte Equation of State is presented by combining the Cubic Plus Association Equation of State,Mean Spherical Approximation and the Born equation.This new model uses experimental relative static permittivity,intend to predict well the activity coefficients of individual ions (ACI) and liquid densities of aqueous solutions.This new model is applied to model water + NaCl binary system and water + gas +NaCl ternary systems.The cation/anion-water interaction parameters of are obtained by fitting the exper-imental data of ACI,mean ionic activity coefficients (MIAC) and liquid densities of water + NaCl binary system.The cation/anion-gas interaction parameters are obtained by fitting the experimental data of gas solubilities in aqueous NaCl solutions.The modeling results show that this new model can correlate well with the phase equilibrium and volumetric properties.Without gas,predictions for ACI,MIAC,and liquid densities present relative average deviations of 1.3%,3.6% and 1.4% compared to experimental ref-erence values.For most gas-containing systems,predictions for gas solubilities present relative average deviations lower than 7.0%.Further,the contributions of ACI,and salting effects of NaCl on gases are ana-lyzed and discussed.  相似文献   
9.
为挖掘和发现居住建筑夏季空调行为的驱动特性,依托北京城区某高校28户学生宿舍,开展室内热环境、空调开关状况以及空调行为驱动类型的问卷调查及现场实测,分析统计宿舍空调行为的驱动类型,采用建筑人行为动作模型获得各个宿舍在不同驱动类型下的空调行为概率曲线及其行为特征参数,并分析对比相同驱动类型下空调行为概率曲线的变化趋势,对各个宿舍进行分类,再对同类宿舍空调行为的平均概率进行拟合.研究表明:居住建筑空调行为驱动特性存在明显个体差异,体现在空调行为概率随环境驱动力变化的敏感性上,也即环境驱动力对不同类宿舍的空调行为呈现不同的驱动力度;依据概率变化趋势分类和采用平均概率拟合的方法,对各种驱动类型的空调行为统计归纳出2~4组不同的驱动力度,由此较好地反映出居住建筑夏季空调行为的群体特性.  相似文献   
10.
The gastrointestinal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi is an important cause of lost production, health, and welfare in cattle. Detailed records were obtained over a 5-yr period (2010–2015) by questionnaires and qualitative interviews to investigate the practices adopted by dairy farmers to control cattle helminth infections and the factors associated with heifer exposure to O. ostertagi on pasture. In total, 1,454 heifers' individual milk samples were collected over a 1-yr period (2014–2015) in 43 dairy farms in England and tested for O. ostertagi antibody by ELISA. Multilevel linear regression models were used to investigate the association between individual milk optical density ratio (ODR) against O. ostertagi and heifer management from birth to time of sampling. Farm and heifer median ODR against O. ostertagi were 0.98 (interquartile range = 0.76–1.02) and 0.64 (interquartile range = 0.42–0.84), respectively. The majority of heifers (88%) received an anthelmintic treatment before sampling in this study. After controlling for the effect of anthelmintic treatments, heifer individual milk ODR against O. ostertagi significantly increased with high stocking rate at first grazing and co-grazing with adult cows before calving. Conversely, heifer individual milk ODR against O. ostertagi significantly decreased when heifers had co-grazed with sheep and pasture grass had frequently been mowed. Overall, these results provide evidence to support targeting grazing management toward limiting the use of anthelmintics in dairy young stock to enable sustainable control of cattle helminth infections in England. However, to be accepted and adopted by farmers, these best practices would need to take into account farmers' perspectives and contextual challenges.  相似文献   
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