Aplysia sea hare assimilation of secondary metabolites from brown seaweed,Stypopodium zonale

JuvenileAplysia dactylomela were found feeding in abundance on the tropical brown algaStypopodium zonale, a seaweed previously shown to contain numerous unique terpene-quinone natural products. Lipid extracts of these herbivorous mollusks were shown by TLC and HPLC-NMR analyses to contain appreciable quantities of twoS. zonale metabolites as well as one new but closely related compound. Spectroscopic analyses of the new compound in concert with functional group modifications identified this new compound as 3-keto epitaondiol. A careful analysis of the seaweed extract failed to locate this ketone, and thus, it most likely represents anAplysia-biotransformed compound. This is the first clear reported observation of metabolite transfer between an alga of the phylum Phaeophyta and a sea hare.     

Physiological and behavioral effects of coniferyl benzoate on avian reproduction

Various plant secondary metabolites related to cinnamic acid are of interest because of their repellency to birds and their occurrence in ecologically important food items. Coniferyl benzoate (CB), a phenylpropanoid ester that occurs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is of particular ecological interest because of its effect on ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) feeding behavior and its possible influence on the population dynamics of this bird. During detoxification processes, CB and other analogous compounds are metabolized into by-products, such as ferulic acid (FA), that can cause anti-reproductive effects. We tested whether consumption of CB produces antire-productive effects similar to FA using male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) as avian models for ruffed grouse. The parameters we investigated included: the production, morphology, and development of eggs; reproductive characteristics influenced by estrogen; serum prolactin levels; and male reproductive behavior. Dietary CB did not produce antireproductive effects similar to FA at intake levels that Japanese quail and ruffed grouse would freely consume. Consumption of CB by Japanese quail significantly reduced egg production and body mass but did not affect male reproductive performance. Coniferyl benzoate's effect on egg production may be explained by lower energy acquisition and retention rather than endocrine changes per se. Contrary to previous reports, it is unlikely that FA, or similar compounds act directly as estrogen mimics or antagonists. Although, CB did reduce egg production in quail, it is unlikely that it would affect egg production in wild ruffed grouse. Detoxification costs and the effects of CB on nutrient utilization may explain why ruffed grouse avoid high dietary levels of CB.     

Continuous polymerization of lactam–lactone block copolymers in a twin‐screw extruder

Continuous copolymerizations of ?‐caprolactone with ?‐caprolactam and ω‐lauryl lactam were carried out in a modular intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder. Sodium hydride (initiator) and N‐acetyl caprolactam (coinitiator) were used to synthesize lactam–lactone copolymers in a twin‐screw extruder. We consider the variables of feeding order and feed rate of comonomers on the reactive extrusion of lactam–lactone copolymers. It was observed that simultaneous feeding of both monomers with initiator and coinitiator in the first hopper produced a mixture of homopolymers. When we fed the lactam into the first hopper and caprolactone sequentially into the second hopper, we obtained the lactam–caprolactone block copolymers. However, when we fed caprolactone first into the first hopper and the lactam into the second hopper, the extruded product was a mixture of poly(?‐caprolactone) and lactam monomer. We synthesized high molecular weight copolymers of poly(caprolactam‐b‐caprolactone) and poly(lauryl lactam‐b‐caprolactone) with different block lengths by sequential feeding of monomers. The block length of the block copolymer could be adjusted by controlling the feed rate of each monomer during reactive extrusion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1429–1437, 2003     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定多种β 内酰胺类抗生素

建立了一种在同一个色谱体系下同时测定生物样品中头孢拉定、头孢氨苄、头孢克洛、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林等5种临床最常用的β 内酰胺类抗生素的高效液相色谱方法.采用C8色谱柱（Dupout C8柱，300?mm×4.6?mm），以HAC NaAC 缓冲溶液(pH值为3.6) 甲醇 (75∶25 )为流动相，于254?nm处检测，分离并测定了上述5种抗生素.5种抗生素可在20?min内分离，最低检出限可分别达到0.18，0.21，0.12，0.35，0.25?μg/mL.将该法用于血清及尿样中药物含量的测定取得了满意结果.5种药物在血清中的回收率均大于94.6%，而在尿样中回收率均大于88.3%.实验证明该方法操作简便、快速灵敏、准确.     

电喷雾串联质谱法分析阿托品在大

用液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱(LC-ESIIT-MSn)联用法研究阿托品在大鼠肠内菌中的代谢,以阿托品优化色谱及质谱条件,总结其色谱及质谱行为规律。将阿托品与大鼠肠内菌体外厌氧温孵培养,与空白样品及阿托品标准品相比较,根据被测物的多级质谱数据,鉴定代谢物并阐述其结构。在温孵液中发现了阿托品的脱水及水解代谢产物,即脱水阿托品、托品和托品酸。该方法灵敏、快速、简单,适合于药物代谢分析。     

转基因作物代谢组差异的协同性分析

转基因技术的应用十分广泛,尤其是用于获得具备优良性状的农作物新品种。但在转基因作物商业化推广的同时,农产品的安全问题一直备受关注。组学技术的不断发展,为转基因作物的安全评价提供了新方法。鉴于代谢组数据具有即时性和可获得性的特点,本文基于之前的研究,通过收集转基因作物代谢组方面文章的数据,对6种作物的野生型和转基因型样本的比较结果进行整合分析,通过显著性检验得到了8种代表性差异代谢物。代谢通路富集分析结果显示与这8种差异代谢物关联的蛋白质主要参与能量代谢过程,与已报道的单一物种转基因非预期效应的研究结果相同。该研究从代谢物和蛋白质两个方面说明转基因事件影响了这6种作物的能量代谢过程,并且该现象很可能普遍存在于多种转基因作物中。希望本研究结果可以为转基因农作物的安全评价提供参考。      

Plant Responses to Herbivory,Wounding, and Infection

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers, whereas chemical barriers include secondary metabolites (SMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Complex interactions between plants and herbivores occur. Plant responses to insect herbivory begin with the perception of physical stimuli, chemical compounds (orally secreted by insects and herbivore-induced VOCs) during feeding. Plant cell membranes then generate ion fluxes that create differences in plasma membrane potential (Vm), which provokes the initiation of signal transduction, the activation of various hormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene), and the release of VOCs and SMs. This review of recent studies of plant–herbivore–infection interactions focuses on early and late plant responses, including physical barriers, signal transduction, SM production as well as epigenetic regulation, and phytohormone responses.     

基于核磁共振代谢组学分析不同品种草莓的化学成分差异

目的采用基于核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)的代谢组学方法对"丰香""久香""宁玉"和"甜查理"4个不同品种草莓进行指纹图谱比较和化学成分差异分析。方法采用主成分分析法综合评价4个不同品种草莓的整体分布状况;采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析法筛选并鉴别出引起不同草莓品种有所差异的潜在差异代谢物。结果研究发现,苹果酸在"丰香"草莓中含量最低,蔗糖含量则最高;蔗糖在"久香"草莓中的含量最低;丙氨酸、柠檬酸、天冬酰胺、D-葡萄糖和D-果糖在"宁玉"中含量最低;丙氨酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、天冬氨酸和D-葡萄糖在"甜查理"中含量最高。结论基于NMR的代谢组学技术可以用于草莓品种的鉴别和化学成分的差异分析,并为草莓的品种溯源提供科学数据。     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响

研究葡萄籽提取物原花青素(grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts,GSPE)对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响。采用单因子随机区组试验设计,选择128只60日龄、体重相近的健康新西兰兔,随机分为4组(1个对照组和3个试验组),每组32个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、200及400 mg/kg GSPE的试验饲粮。试验期为39 d,其中预试期为6 d,正试期为33 d。结果表明:随饲粮中GSPE添加量升高,试验兔背最长肌、肝脏及血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)升高,而丙二醛浓度极显著(P0.01)降低;对照组试验兔背最长肌粗脂肪含量极显著(P0.01)高于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组,而肝脏粗脂肪含量、血清三酰甘油与总胆固醇浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组;对照组试验兔血清葡萄糖与尿素氮浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组,而尿酸浓度显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)低于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组。研究结果提示:饲粮添加GSPE,可增强肉兔机体抗氧化功能,改善脂质、糖和氮代谢,且作用效果随添加量升高而增强。     

发酵乳─最新研究动向

有关发酵乳的研究,目前主要集中于新产品的开发和健康特性的研究。在对近１０年有关文献研究的基础上,介绍了发酵乳的种类,益生菌,乳酸菌的培养、代谢特性、遗传和生物技术,发酵剂的制作,健康特性研究及乳酸菌的安全性等。