Surface Reconstruction Engineering with Synergistic Effect of Mixed-Salt Passivation Treatment toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Surface passivation treatment is a widely used strategy to resolve trap-mediated nonradiative recombination toward high-efficiency metal-halide perovskite photovoltaics. However, a lack of passivation with mixture treatment has been investigated, as well as an in-depth understanding of its passivation mechanism. Here, a systematic study on a mixed-salt passivation strategy of formamidinium bromide (FABr) coupled with different F-substituted alkyl lengths of ammonium iodide is demonstrated. It is obtained better device performance with decreasing chain length of the F-substituted alkyl ammonium iodide in the presence of FABr. Moreover, they unraveled a synergistic passivation mechanism of the mixed-salt treatment through surface reconstruction engineering, where FABr dominates the reformation of the perovskite surface via reacting with the excess PbI₂. Meanwhile, ammonium iodide passivates the perovskite grain boundaries both on the surface and top perovskite bulk through penetration. This synergistic passivation engineer results in a high-quality perovskite surface with fewer defects and suppressed ion migration, leading to a champion efficiency of 23.5% with mixed-salt treatment. In addition, the introduction of the moisture resisted F-substituted groups presents a more hydrophobic perovskite surface, thus enabling the decorated devices with excellent long-term stability under a high humid atmosphere as well as operational conditions.     

Multiply Charged Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as a Multifunctional Interlayer for Efficient and Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

A series of anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) is synthesized based on poly(fluorene-co-phenylene) by varying the side-chain ionic density from two to six per repeat units (MPS2-TMA, MPS4-TMA, and MPS6-TMA). The effect of MPS2, 4, 6-TMA as interlayers on top of a hole-extraction layer of poly(bis(4-phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylphenylamine (PTAA) is investigated in inverted perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Owing to the improved wettability of perovskites on hydrophobic PTAA with the CPEs, the PeSCs with CPE interlayers demonstrate a significantly enhanced device performance, with negligible device-to-device dependence relative to the reference PeSC without CPEs. By increasing the ionic density in the MPS-TMA interlayers, the wetting, interfacial defect passivation, and crystal growth of the perovskites are significantly improved without increasing the series resistance of the PeSCs. In particular, the open-circuit voltage increases from 1.06 V for the PeSC with MPS2-TMA to 1.11 V for the PeSC with MPS6-TMA. The trap densities of the PeSCs with MPS2,4,6-TMA are further analyzed using frequency-dependent capacitance measurements. Finally, a large-area (1 cm²) PeSC is successfully fabricated with MPS6-TMA, showing a power conversion efficiency of 18.38% with negligible hysteresis and a stable power output under light soaking for 60 s.     

Verhalten von Magnesiumlegierungen für Anwendungen im Fahrzeugbau bei mechanisch‐elektrochemischer Komplexbeanspruchung: Einfluss passivierender Deckschichten und Mechanismen der lokalen Schädigung

Behavior of Magnesium‐Alloys for Automotive Applications under Mechanical and Environmental Loading: Influence of Passivating Films and Mechanisms of Local Breakdown To assure an efficient design of components under cyclic loading, all available data concerning fatigue have to be observed. Therefore the influences of manufacturing on the material condition, the mechanical loads and environmental effects have to be analysed. Magnesium‐alloys are of special interest for lightweight applications because of their excellent strength‐density ratio. The corrosion resistance of magnesium‐alloys depends on the same factors that are critical to other metals. The alloys have a good stability to atmospheric exposure and a good resistance to attack by alkali, chromic and hydrofluoric acids. However, because of the electrochemical activity of magnesium, the relative importance of some factors is greatly amplified. The nature and composition of passive films formed on magnesium‐alloys depend on the prevailing conditions, viz. alloy‐composition, passivation potential, pH, electrolyte composition and temperature. Passive films may be damaged by local breakdown. Because of this, magnesium‐alloys suffer a degradation of their properties when exposed to an aqueous environment. The main topic of the present investigations is the verification of mechanisms of the local breakdown of the protecting film. At least two mechanisms are possible for this localization: mechanical breakdown by slip steps and electrochemical breakdown (for e.g. by the effects of chloride ions). Corrosion and passivation of different high purity alloys have been studied in different solutions (neutral, alkaline with specific anions and cations) using electrochemical techniques. The diecasted alloys were tested as produced and machined. The results clarified that depending on alloy/material and surface condition/corrosion environment different mechanisms for electrochemical breakdown of the protecting films are possible. Hence fatigue life under environmental loading is influenced by surface and testing conditions.     

催化裂化汽油脱硫助剂TS-01的工业试验

中国石油化工股份有限公司九江分公司在I套催化裂化装置进行了TS—0l催化裂化汽油脱硫双功能助剂的工业应用。结果表明：TS—0l剂对催化裂化汽油有较好的脱硫效果。当TS—0l剂注入原料中的量为70μg／g时，对催化裂化汽油的硫脱除率约为20％；注入量为120μg／g时，硫脱除率可达到25％-30％。汽油中脱除的硫主要以硫化氢形态转移至于气、液化气中。TS—01剂对产品分布及产品其它质量无明显影响，该剂亦有良好的金属钝化效果。     

无铬钝化技术研究的进展

评述了文献报道和各种不同的无铬钝化工艺的特点及其发展现状。目前还没有一种无铬钝化工艺能够完全代替铬酸盐钝化工艺，某些无铬钝化工艺在某些方面已经与铬酸盐钝化相当，但其市场前景、应用范围及用户环保效果还需要进一步研究。     

热钾碱法脱碳的缓蚀及钒化工艺技术改进的试验研究

介绍了热钾碱法脱碳钒化工艺技术改进的试验过程，开发了原始开车钒化，在一定条件下取消钒含量控制，实现了运行中不加钒、中修后开车不钒化的新工艺技术。本技术已通过化工部鉴定，处于国内领先水平，并具有可观的经济效益。     

Very low surface recombination velocities on p-type silicon wafers passivated with a dielectric with fixed negative charge

Surface recombination velocities as low as 10 cm/s have been obtained by treated atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al₂O₃ layers on p-type CZ silicon wafers. Low surface recombination is achieved by means of field induced surface passivation due to a high density of negative charges stored at the interface. In comparison to a diffused back surface field, an external field source allows for higher band bending, that is, a better performance. While this process yields state of the art results, it is not suited for large-scale production. Preliminary results on an industrially viable, alternative process based on a pseudo-binary system containing Al₂O₃ are presented, too. With this process, surface recombination velocities of 500–1000 cm/s have been attained on mc-Si wafers.     

Use of oxygen for the cleaning, passivation, and preservation of power-generating equipment at the Kharanorskaya SAPP

Studies conducted on two power-generating units at the Kharanorskaya SAPP relative to the steam-water-oxygen passivation, preservation, and partial cleaning of all boiler-heating surfaces, including the surfaces of the reheater, and passivation of the surfaces of the high-pressure heaters on the steam and water sides by the steam-oxygen method, as well as partial passivation, preservation, and cleaning of turbine blading are presented. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 6, pp. 56–64, May, 2006.     

镀锌层上有机物无铬钝化涂层的耐蚀性

选择了一种无毒的水溶性丙烯酸树脂（AC）加入至钼酸盐、磷酸盐中（M）得到一种钝化液（ACM），对镀锌层进行钝化处理以代替有毒的铬酸盐钝化。通过盐雾试验、扫描电镜、电化学测试等手段，研究了该纯化膜的耐蚀性及耐蚀机理。结果表明，热浸镀锌层采用该无毒钝化液进行钝化，可以推迟镀锌层出现白锈的时间，其抗蚀性已接近铬酸盐钝化水平；ACM钝化膜耐蚀性的提高是由于钝化膜中的钼酸盐与丙烯酸树脂产生交联作用，抑制钝化膜裂纹的扩展，同时由于膜层中钼酸盐的缓蚀作用，提高了镀锌层的抗蚀性。     

抗高压动态导通电阻退化的高性能GaN功率开关器件研究

GaN功率开关器件界面态和缓冲层中深能级陷阱会导致高压电流坍塌和动态导通电阻退化。为提升高性能GaN功率开关器件抗高压性能,改善动态导通电阻退化能力,应采用极值性PEALD-AlN钝化技术设计高压状况下GaN功率开关器件,实现单片集成器件的目的,在去氧化层和氮化处理GaN功率开关器件表面后,采用高温LPCVD-SiN_x钝化技术,使器件表面形成钝化层,抑制界面态导致的高压电流坍塌。同时,在高性能GaN功率开关器件电极附近注入磷离子,提升导通电阻性能,降低导通电阻退化速度。经过实验分析发现,经过极值性PEALD-AlN钝化后的GaN功率开关器件电流几乎无明显变化,在磷离子注入后,随着触发能量的变化,导通电阻变化较小,最小值达到3.16 Ω/mm,即该方法能有效抗高压动态导通电阻退化。