2017年泸州市195份食品中化学污染物及有害因素检测结果分析

目的 了解泸州市食品中主要化学污染物及有害因素的污染水平和趋势, 分析食品安全风险隐患并确定危害因素的分布和可能来源。方法 根据2017年四川省食品安全风险监测项目要求, 从泸州市各食品 流通环节购买食品样品, 按照《食品卫生检验方法》、《食品安全国家标准》和《2017年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》和《食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测技术工作手册》的相关检测方法对农药、兽药、非食用物质、元素、食品添加剂、禁用药物、食品加工贮藏过程产生的污染物、生物毒素等19大类94个项目进行检测, 检测结果依据GB 2761-2017、GB 2762-2017和GB 2763-2014等相关标准进行评价。 结果 共检测食品类样品195份, 其中189份合格, 合格率为96.92%。不合格率最高的食品为水发产品, 有4个样品中甲醛超标; 谷物及其制品(小麦)有2个样品中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)超标。结论 泸州市2017年195份食品样品中化学污染物及有害因素检测指标合格率较高, 但个别食品仍存在较高的安全风险, 应采取针对性措施进一步继续加强重点环节监管, 确保我市食品安全。     

我国主产区油茶持久性有机污染物分布特征及相关性研究

为了明确油茶中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染分布特征,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)对我国主产区45个采样点135批次油茶果不同部位及对应油茶林土壤进行16种多环芳烃(PAHs)、18种多氯联苯(PCBs)和21种有机氯(OCPs)污染水平分析。同时分析油茶籽仁和油茶林土壤中主要POPs之间相关性。结果表明:油茶果各部位及油茶林土壤PAHs污染以萘、苊烯、苊萘嵌戊烷、荧蒽等低环PAHs污染较为明显;PCBs污染程度很轻,含量均在1μg/kg以下;OCPs污染主要为狄氏剂、毒杀芬、α-六六六、硫丹、异狄氏剂和艾氏剂。油茶籽仁中荧蒽与菲具有强正相关(R~2=0.90);油茶林土壤中芴与菲,■与苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)蒽,PCB138与茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,PCB180与苯并(g,h,i)苝,p,p′-DDE与o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDD之间均具有较强相关性(R~2=0.81～0.98)。     

Spurenstoffabtrennung mit keramischen Nanofiltrationsmembranen als Rotationsscheibenfilter

Reducing micropollutant pollution of water bodies is an important objective of water management and an integral part of environmental policy. Ceramic nanofiltration membranes were developed as multichannel membranes of increased membrane area and rotating disk filters. The membranes developed show retention of over 80 % for PEG 400. The membranes are currently being tested for the separation of micropollutants from wastewater contaminated with pharmaceuticals. With the help of a downstream oxidative process, the trace substances remaining in the permeate are degraded.     

Particulate matter emitted from ultrasonic humidifiers—Chemical composition and implication to indoor air

Household humidification is widely practiced to combat dry indoor air. While the benefits of household humidification are widely perceived, its implications to the indoor air have not been critically appraised. In particular, ultrasonic humidifiers are known to generate fine particulate matter (PM). In this study, we first conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the size, quantity, and chemical composition of PM generated by an ultrasonic humidifier. The mass of PM generated showed a correlation with the total alkalinity of charge water, suggesting that CaCO₃ is likely making a major contribution to PM. Ion chromatography analysis revealed a large amount of SO₄²⁻ in PM, representing a previously unrecognized indoor source. Preliminary results of organic compounds being present in humidifier PM are also presented. A whole-house experiment was further conducted at an actual residential house, with five low-cost sensors (AirBeam) monitoring PM in real time. Operation of a single ultrasonic humidifier resulted in PM_2.5 concentrations up to hundreds of μg m⁻³, and its influence extended across the entire household. The transport and loss of PM_2.5 depended on the rate of air circulation and ventilation. This study emphasizes the need to further investigate the impact of humidifier operation, both on human health and on the indoor atmospheric chemistry, for example, partitioning of acidic and basic compounds.     

金属有机骨架及其衍生材料活化过硫酸盐在水处理中的

金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）具有以金属离子为中心的结构特征，因此利用MOFs及其衍生材料可构建非均相过硫酸盐催化氧化体系，该体系能耗低且高效，在水处理中具有良好的应用前景。本文综述了MOFs及其衍生材料活化过硫酸盐处理水中难降解有机污染物（包括有机染料、环境内分泌干扰物和抗生素）的研究现状，探讨了不同组成及结构的MOFs及MOFs衍生材料对催化降解水中有机污染物性能的影响，指出MOFs及其衍生材料的结构设计、合成策略、不饱和的金属活性位点以及反应体系中的活性物质等是体系催化降解能力的重要影响因素。最后总结了目前基于MOFs材料活化过硫酸盐作为一种新型的高级氧化技术在水处理应用研究中存在的问题，并提出新型高效联合活化体系的构建及活化作用机制深入的探索和完善是今后研究的重点。     

煤炭地下气化特征污染物迁移行为探测

煤炭地下气化潜在的地下水污染风险,是煤炭地下气化产业化的关键技术及瓶颈技术。采用直接钻探法对我国首个钻孔式地下气化炉进行了燃空区探测,并对不同气化区域的煤、岩、半焦、灰渣样品进行了取样。开展了探测样品的浸出实验,研究了浸出液中特征气化污染物及污染指标挥发酚、氨氮及COD的迁移范围及迁移特征,探讨了污染物的迁移路径。研究结果表明,特征污染物的迁移主要发生在中心气化区内,挥发酚及氨气在煤层顶板内发生了垂直向上的迁移,煤层顶板垮落带及裂隙带是污染物迁移的主要通道。污染物向底板岩层渗透迁移的倾向极低。在气化边界区域,煤层顶板内没有形成污染物迁移通道,未发现污染物向围岩的迁移。气化煤田的科学选址是煤炭地下气化地下水污染防治的重要环节。     

基于空气质量模拟的江苏省大气污染物排放清单比较研究

大气污染物排放清单是空气质量模拟和空气污染治理的重要依据.本研究比较分析了两套覆盖江苏省的2017年大气污染物排放清单，即分别由上海市环境科学研究院、江苏省环境科学研究院编制的"长三角清单"和"江苏省清单"，并结合区域空气质量模型CMAQ评估不同清单对长三角地区2017年1、4、7、10月的空气质量模拟的影响.清单比较结果表明，除二氧化硫（SO₂）以外，江苏省清单估算的各污染物排放量较长三角清单低.通过与观测数据比较，发现两套清单对SO₂、氮氧化物（NO_x）、臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的模型模拟性能均较好.江苏省清单与长三角清单两者的模拟结果空间分布接近，其中江苏省清单模拟的PM_2.5和O₃在长三角多数地区略低于长三角清单的模拟结果（1月O₃除外）.江苏省清单与长三角清单均能够用于空气质量模式模拟，可为江苏地区的细颗粒物和光化学烟雾污染的控制策略制定提供参考.     

MOF assisted synthesis of a Ho2O3/CNT nanocomposite photocatalyst for organic pollutants degradation

In this work, a holmium oxide (Ho₂O₃/CNT) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized through a MOF assisted route for the first time. The effects of the morphology and purity on the photocatalytic behavior of the products, were investigated by determining various physicochemical properties. The Ho₂O₃/CNT nanocomposite was systematically analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy studies. The Ho₂O₃ derived from a MOF assisted synthetic route using Ho(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and terephthalic acid with a 1:1 M ratio at a temperature of 750 °C for 3 h prove the most advantageous, 98% degradation of 20 mg/L aqueous tetracycline pollutant was observed within 60 min. The elevated photocatalytic activity was mainly attributable to the unique synthetic route, improved crystallinity, wide UV-light absorption rate and excellent adsorption capabilities of CNT, as well as enhanced oxygen deficiency. The photocatalytic results confirm that the Ho₂O₃/CNT nanocomposite is an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic tetracycline pollutant and is thus suitable for use in environmental remediation.     

α-Bi2O3/β-Ni(OH)2 composites: Effective solar light photocatalysts for organic pollutants degradation

α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites exhibited perfect photocatalytic properties for organic pollutants degradation under sunlight irradiation. Pure α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ were prepared by coprecipitation method and then mechanically mixed in different proportions to form α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites. The XRD and FTIR analyses have well emphasized the formation of monoclinic α-Bi₂O₃ and hexagonal β-Ni(OH)₂ phases with high crystallinity. The SEM micrographs of α-Bi₂O₃ and β-Ni(OH)₂ powders displayed a rod and sheet shaped grains, respectively. The band gap of the pure α-Bi₂O₃ was estimated to be 2.87 eV. Pure β-Ni(OH)₂ revealed three absorption bands in the UV–visible light region. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composites have a more intense absorption in the visible light region compared to pure α-Bi₂O₃ sample. Modification of α-Bi₂O₃ by β-Ni(OH)₂ induced a superior photocatalytic activity especially at β-Ni(OH)₂ content of 12 wt% in α-Bi₂O₃ (BN-12 composite). This composite showed high efficiencies of 99%, 96%, 91% and 90% for methylene blue, Congo red, methyl orange and 4-niropheniol degradation in 80, 80, 180 and 300 min under sunlight irradiation, respectively. The remarkable photocatalytic activity of the α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite was attributed to the new states in charge separation, charge transportation and the intensive absorption of visible light. α-Bi₂O₃/β-Ni(OH)₂ composite (BN-12) has a great potential in removing of cationic and anionic dyes beside phenolic compounds from wastewater.