从稳态到动态的空气调节

分析传统空调所提供的稳态参数微气候环境不一定能达到人的舒适和健康的要求,提出符合人本身生理习惯的空调送风方式应该是动态空气调节.认为个人可调节和适宜的环境渐变能同时保证舒适和健康两方面需要.     

Energy and comfort: A new type for TRNSYS

Two subroutines have been developed which permit users of the TRNSYS programme to calculate the parameters of ambiental comfort (PMV and PPD).The first subroutine deals with the calculation of the view factors inside a room for all the values of the spatial coordinates and, thus, permits the average radiant temperature to be calculated in every position. The second subroutine has been developed in accordance with the indications of the ISO 7730 standard.Both subroutines have been validated and then interfaced to TRNSYS.The integrated programme has been utilised to compare the performances of different heating systems in terms of energy consumption and comfort, maintaining the temperature of the interior constant for different climatic conditions.     

Patient thermal comfort requirement for hospital environments in Taiwan

This study examines the comfort criteria of ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 for their applicability in hospital environments. Through an extensive field survey conducted in a university hospital in Taiwan, 927 sets of data have been collected. Above half of the measured samples failed to meet the specifications of Standard 55 comfort zone due to improper humidity control. Acceptability votes by patients exceeded the Standard's 80% criterion, regardless of whether the physical conditions were in or out of the comfort zone. Thermal neutrality, preference and comfort range are compared with other studies conducted in office environments and Standard 55 criteria. Results of chi-square tests revealed that patients’ physical strength significantly effected their thermal requirements. The net effect of health yields a marked difference in thermal neutrality and preference, and also in the comfortable temperature range.     

住宅隔热的影响因素及设计对策

夏季 ,室外气候诸因素经过不同途径 ,对室内的影响会有差异。了解这些差异有助于在设计时把握主要问题。讨论在住宅隔热设计中 ,针对不同的室内条件 ,应优先考虑的因素及相应的设计对策。     

服装与热舒适

本文参阅国内外研究成果，对服装环境、服装材料、服装穿着与人体热舒适关系的有关问题进行了分析，认为热舒适对作业者的身心健康、对提高其工作效率有着重要意义。     

热舒适条件下环境风速和温度最佳组合的实验研究

文章从人体与热环境的基础理论出发，着重对影响人体与环境之间对流换热的主要因素———温度和气流速度进行了实验研究，并得出相应结论，给出了热舒适条件下二者的最佳组合数学模式。     

Response of the seated human body to whole-body vertical vibration: discomfort caused by sinusoidal vibration

Frequency weightings for predicting vibration discomfort assume the same frequency-dependence at all magnitudes of vibration, whereas biodynamic studies show that the frequency-dependence of the human body depends on the magnitude of vibration. This study investigated how the frequency-dependence of vibration discomfort depends on the acceleration and the force at the subject–seat interface. Using magnitude estimation, 20 males and 20 females judged their discomfort caused by sinusoidal vertical acceleration at 13 frequencies (1–16 Hz) at magnitudes from 0.1 to 4.0 ms^? 2 r.m.s. The frequency-dependence of their equivalent comfort contours depended on the magnitude of vibration, but was less dependent on the magnitude of dynamic force than the magnitude of acceleration, consistent with the biodynamic non-linearity of the body causing some of the magnitude-dependence of equivalent comfort contours. There were significant associations between the biodynamic responses and subjective responses at all frequencies in the range 1–16 Hz.

Practitioner Summary: Vertical seat vibration causes discomfort in many forms of transport. This study provides the frequency-dependence of vibration discomfort over a range of vibration magnitudes and shows how the frequency weightings in the current standards can be improved.     

Evaluation of thermal and evaporative resistances in cricket helmets using a sweating manikin

The main objective of this study is to establish an approach for measuring the dry and evaporative heat dissipation cricket helmets. A range of cricket helmets has been tested using a sweating manikin within a controlled climatic chamber. The thermal manikin experiments were conducted in two stages, namely the (i) dry test and (ii) wet test. The ambient air temperature for the dry tests was controlled to ∼23 °C, and the mean skin temperatures averaged ∼35 °C. The thermal insulation value measured for the manikin with helmet ensemble ranged from 1.0 to 1.2 clo. The results showed that among the five cricket helmets, the Masuri helmet offered slightly more thermal insulation while the Elite helmet offered the least. However, under the dry laboratory conditions and with minimal air movement (air velocity = 0.08 ± 0.01 ms⁻¹), small differences exist between the thermal resistance values for the tested helmets. The wet tests were conducted in an isothermal condition, with an ambient and skin mean temperatures averaged ∼35 °C, the evaporative resistance, R_et, varied between 36 and 60 m² Pa W⁻¹. These large variations in evaporative heat dissipation values are due to the presence of a thick layer of comfort lining in certain helmet designs. This finding suggests that the type and design of padding may influence the rate of evaporative heat dissipation from the head and face; hence the type of material and thickness of the padding is critical for the effectiveness of evaporative heat loss and comfort of the wearer. Issues for further investigations in field trials are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of methods for determining the metabolic rate in order to provide a balance between man and the environment

The incorrect determination of metabolic rate can be linked to discrepancies between the model of the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and real thermal sensation collected in field studies. Aiming to improve the correlation of the PMV model and the real thermal sensation, this work established new values for the metabolic rate: one way being called “calculated” using Newton's Method and the other called "measured" using a metabolic analyzer. Welder's activities were evaluated, through the measurements of environmental and personal variables. New values of metabolic rate were determined for this activity. The values found for the calculated form and the measured one were, respectively, 178.63 and 145.46 W/m², different from the range provided by the table of ISO 8996 (2004) for this activity (75–125 W/m²). In order to verify which of the values of the metabolic rate was closer to the real thermal sensation of PMV, a linear regression was made between the PMV and the real thermal sensation in three ways: S × PMV_tabulated (R² = 0.1749), S × PMV_calculated (R ² = 0.7481) and S × PMV_measured (R² = 0.7854). It was found that the values measured by the instrument gave a higher coefficient of determination which was chosen for the correction of the table. The correction of the table provides a value of M_predicted, that is a value of metabolic rate that corrects the values provided by the tables of ISO 8996 (2004), by means of a correction coefficient. For the welder's activities in a metal-mechanics industry, tabulated values can be multiplied by the correction coefficient 1.4648 in order to minimize inaccuracies. The PMV_predicted, obtained through the M_predicted, when related to the actual thermal sensation, provides a coefficient of determination of 0.7511, thereby improving the model of the PMV.     

A型地铁空调系统及客室内流场数值分析

为给目前国内A型地铁车辆的舒适度设计提供理论参考,针对地铁车辆静压风道结构特点,基于k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,建立包含空调送风风道和客室的三维计算模型.对计算模型的空气流动和传热状况进行CFD数值计算.计算过程综合考虑车体壁面传热和人体散热等多种传热.分析计算结果得到客室内温度场和速度场的分布规律,并对空调通风设计方案进行量化评估.计算结果表明:客室内人体头部区域温度场分布均匀,平均温度为26.6℃,最大温差为6℃;车厢内有较理想的气流组织形式,速度分布范围为0.50~0.79 m/s,而且客室端部和中部区域人体头部周围速度较大.将计算结果与欧洲EN 14750-1标准进行对比分析,认为乘客的舒适性较好.