Sulfate- and pH-driven metabolic flexibility in sugarcane vinasse dark fermentation stimulates biohydrogen evolution,sulfidogenesis or homoacetogenesis

Dark fermentation of sugarcane vinasse can be used as a “cleaning” step to remove sulfate prior to methanogenesis because sulfidogenic conditions can be successfully established in parallel with biohydrogen production. Using a 2² central composite rotational design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM), this study assessed the impacts of bicarbonate and sulfate availability on the establishment of sulfidogenesis in the thermophilic (55 °C) fermentation of vinasse in batch reactors, equally assessing the impacts on biohydrogen evolution. CCRD-RSM results indicated the favoring of biohydrogen production at the lowest sulfate and bicarbonate concentrations, whilst the opposite was observed for sulfidogenesis. Glycerol, lactate, and hydrogen were the preferential electron donors utilized by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), whilst ethanol was markedly consumed only at high sulfate concentrations. SRB were inhibited by sodium when dosing excess NaHCO₃ and Na₂SO₄. Complementary tests revealed maximum biohydrogen production (2.40 mmol) out of the CCRD, at pH exceeding 7.5 with no interference of sulfidogenesis. Non-efficient biohydrogen production was observed at low pH (<5.0; ～1.90 mmol) because the uptake of lactate was inhibited. Meanwhile, homoacetogenesis was established under intermediate pH range (5.5–6.5), as revealed by the accumulation of acetate (up to 2.5 g L^?1). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing further revealed the genera Thermoanaerobacterium/Pseudoclostridium, Desulfotomaculum/Desulfohalotomaculum and Sporomusaceae/Moorella as the main biohydrogen-producing, sulfate-removing and biohydrogen-consuming (homoacetogens) microbial groups, respectively. Hence, using a single inoculum source, vinasse may provide a butyrate-rich (along with biohydrogen-rich biogas) or a sulfate-free and acetate-rich fermented effluent, depending mainly on proper pH control.     

超高效液相色谱⁃四极杆⁃飞行时间质谱对含PET食品接触材料中可迁移非挥发性物质的筛查研究

采用超高效液相色谱⁃四极杆⁃飞行时间高分辨质谱（UPLC⁃Q⁃TOF）对4类不同类型的含聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）材质的食品接触材料在4 %乙酸和50 %乙醇模拟物中的迁移出的非挥发性未知物进行筛查解析。结果表明，产品在4 %乙酸模拟物的迁移风险远小于50 %乙醇模拟物，主要迁移物质为聚合单体形成的寡聚物，抗氧剂、润滑剂、胶黏剂等加工助剂以及生产加工、迁移过程中形成的非有意添加物（NIAS）物质；纯PET材质的产品迁移物质较少，多层复合材料迁移物质较多。复合材质的产品中，PET材质可能在生产时添加了己二酸、癸二酸、新戊二醇等物质，进行了改性处理；此外，部分迁移物质会与模拟物中的乙醇发生反应，生成新的NIAS物质。     

微纳层叠聚丙烯腈凝胶流动特性的数值模拟研究

建立了层叠流道的三维模型和有限元网格模型，根据流变测试数据，采用Polymat对物料的黏度模型参数进行拟合，并利用Polyflow软件对聚丙烯腈（PAN）凝胶在层叠流道内的三维等温流动过程进行了数值模拟分析。研究发现，当入口流量增大时，层叠流道出口速度的不均匀性增加；沿流动方向流道内压力逐渐降低，并在出口处降低至同一最低值；流道进出口压力差与入口流量大小具有正相关性；在流道的中心截面上剪切速率分布均匀，波动较小。     

我国中空吹塑行业发展现状及“十四五”期间重点产品、工艺和设备发展方向

从原料、中空成型机和吹塑工艺等方面介绍了我国中空吹塑行业发展现状，并对电子化学品专用超洁净桶、高压储氢四型瓶、全电动中空成型机、微发泡中空成型技术和挤吹聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）容器等在“十四五”期间的重点产品、工艺和设备发展方向进行了展望。     

葵花籽粕综合利用研究进展

葵花籽粕是葵花籽提油后的副产品。葵花籽粕蛋白品质优,各氨基酸组成平衡,此外葵花籽粕中还含有绿原酸、黄酮等多种活性物质,营养价值高,具有广阔的应用前景。从葵花籽粕作为原料提取有效成分及作为饲料用原料两方面对葵花籽粕资源的综合利用情况进行了阐述,以期为葵花籽粕的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

不同品种谷子营养成分及功能活性成分差异化分析

对比研究了10个品种谷子营养及功能活性成分。以10个代表性谷子品种籽粒为原料,检测分析了淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪等营养组分,及多酚、黄酮、低聚糖等功能活性成分的含量。结果表明:不同品种谷子,营养成分及功能活性成分的含量差异不同,且功能性成分含量品种间差异较大。不同品种间谷子粗淀粉变异系数为5%,含量较为稳定;粗脂肪的变异系数为17.55%,品种之间差异显著(P0.05);粗蛋白的变异系数为7%,品种之间差异显著(P0.05);总黄酮变异系数最大,为51%,含量范围为0.55~2.01 mg/g;总多酚含量变异系数为25%,含量范围为0.65~1.41 mg/g;低聚糖含量品种间差异也较大。对选育优良品种谷子,及开发谷子相关食品和保健品具有指导意义。     

Recent advances in the microencapsulation of omega-3 oil and probiotic bacteria through complex coacervation: A review

BackgroundFunctional foods are a fastest growing sector of the food industry. The development of functional foods comprising omega-3 fatty acids and probiotic bacteria, through complex coacervation process is an emerging area of research and product development.Scope and approachWe reviewed relevant literature concerning the use of complex coacervation in microencapsulation, focusing primarily on the inclusion of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 oils into a single delivery format. This review covers advantages and disadvantages of the complex coacervation process to microencapsulate bioactive ingredients, viability of probiotic bacteria and oxidative stability of omega-3 oil during the complex coacervation process, the bioaccessibility of omega-3 oil and probiotic bacteria during simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in-vivo testings.Key findings and conclusionsThe review describes the advantages of co-encapsulation using complex coacervation followed by spray drying. It also describes the technological hurdles that need to be resolved for further development of industrial applications of co-encapsulation of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 lipids. The co-encapsulation concept has been widely used in pharmaceutical delivery systems, but is a relatively new concept in food ingredient stabilisation and delivery. There is a commercial need of co-encapsulation of multiple bioactive ingredients within a single microcapsules, due to decreased cost and enhanced product quality. Complex coacervation has been shown to be a useful method for the co-encapsulation of multiple unstable bioactive ingredients. Although in-vitro evaluation deliver useful bioavailability information, additional in-vivo and clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of bioactive release, particularly for microcapsules containing multiple bioactive ingredients.     

黑果枸杞酵素发酵前后主要成分分析及其体外抗氧化活性研究

为了分析不同原料配比黑果枸杞酵素发酵前后主要成分及其体外抗氧化活性变化。以4种黑果枸杞酵素(XD、GD、XF和GF)为原料,对发酵前后的理化成分、活性成分、有机酸类型和含量及其体外抗氧化活性进行了分析与比较。结果表明,经过90 d发酵后,XD、GD、XF和GF的可滴定酸、总黄酮、总酚含量和SOD酶活性均上升;总糖、还原糖、pH值、总蛋白质和花青素含量均下降;XD、GD和XF中淀粉酶活性均升高,而GF中淀粉酶活性有所下降;XD、GD和GF中有机酸总量均上升,而XF中有机酸总量有所减少。发酵完成后,XD、GD、XF、GF中有机酸种类分别有12、13、12、12种,主要以乳酸、琥珀酸、醋酸为主;并且4种酵素的DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力、羟自由基清除能力和还原力均表现出剂量依赖效应。因此,黑果枸杞酵素经自然发酵之后,品质良好,并具有很好的抗氧化活性,可为今后黑果枸杞酵素的开发提供理论支撑。     

气藏开发全生命周期不同储量计算方法研究进展

储量评价贯穿气藏开发始终，系统梳理气藏不同储量计算方法，对认识和开发气藏具有重要意义。前期评价阶段，分气藏类型选择容积法或体积法计算探明地质储量，指导开发概念设计和开发方案编制；方案实施阶段，落实可动用储量，指导井位部署；规模开发后，采用物质平衡与现代递减方法计算单井或气藏动态储量和可采储量，指导井网、井距、生产制度等开发技术政策优化；开发中后期，采用精细气藏描述和数值模拟方法落实剩余储量，指导挖潜部署。综合来看，储集空间结构、流体赋存状态和气藏边界是优选不同储量计算方法的重要依据，也是开发全生命周期不断认识气藏的关键参数。     

面条蒸制过程中水分迁移及糊化特性

运用低场核磁共振、核磁成像、快速黏度分析和光学显微镜研究蒸制过程中面条的水分分布、迁移、糊化特性及微观结构的变化。对水分含量、弛豫时间(T_2)、质子密度(M_2)和糊化特性进行相关性分析。结果表明:面条中的水分主要以弱结合水的形式存在。在蒸制过程中,水分由面条外部向内部迁移,总水分、弱结合水和深层结合水含量整体呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,深层结合水增长趋势缓慢;弱结合水自由度逐渐增大。面条峰值黏度、衰减值随蒸制时间延长呈下降趋势。观察面条微观结构发现,蒸制使面条淀粉糊化,体积变大,表层淀粉糊化程度高于内层。相关性分析结果表明,水分含量与_T22、M_22和M总呈极显著正相关(P0.01);水分含量、T_22、M_22及M_总均与峰值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度呈显著负相关(P0.05)或极显著负相关(P0.01)。